I Vocabulary focus. Study
the words and word combinations, practise their translation, spelling. Check your knowledge in the test. Play vocabulary game and set your own vocabulary game record.
II Watch the video and fill in the gaps with the words from the list. There are several words you don’t need
to use.
thicker; sticks;
fragmented; store; cameras; storage; USB; format; portable; equipment; unplug; pictures;
durable; plug into; computer; flash; expensive; fast; remove; disc; formatted;
photography
We’ve also got other types of 1)_____
inside our computers that we can 2)_____
from the computer and take with us. We see 3)_____
memory very commonly used for this. These are different kinds of flash memory. These
are the memory 4)_____ or memory keys
you may be accustomed to seeing that just 5)_____
a USB connection. They might have 8 gig
or 4 gig, or 16 gig or 32 gig. Because it is flash memory it gets relatively 6)_____ when you get up to larger
amounts, but it’s a good way to 7)_____.
A gig that’s a lot, and that’s a pretty inexpensive way to plug in a key, store
some files on there, pull it out, take it to another 8)_____ or take it with you. We also have these other kinds of
flash storage: SD. These types of storage are used a lot in 9)_____, they aren’t very 10)_____ in the way that they operate,
they’re good for storing 11)_____, sometimes
good for storing video as well. It’s a very small 12)_____, so it really applies very easily to 13)_____ technologies like cameras and like audio because you’re
able to fit a whole lot of data into a very small amount of space. If you’ve
ever worked on some older 14)_____,
you may see something like a compact flash card. This is what you might see
there, this is a 16 gig compact flash card, it’s a little bit bigger format. It’s
a little bit more 15)_____ format too
because it is bigger and it is 16)_____,
but we’re starting to see the use of compact flash give way to perhaps some of these
easier to use, these smaller types of formats such as the SD flash memory.
III Watch the video. Choose the correct option to complete
the sentences.
We didn’t use to think about hard drives as removable/reportable/replaceable
storage devices, but these days they certainly are. These are good examples of external
hard drives, here’s one that’s an all-for-one/all-in-one/all-for-nothing:
it’s got a case and inside that case is a hard drive but it’s got different formats/formatted/forms
on it. I can plug in a USB or an external PATA/SCSI/SATA connection into that
particular drive. Here’s one that is a simple into face/ interface/face
that connects to my computer, but you simply take an existing hard drive and
just slam it in on top there. Now I can use that as external drive. When I want
to use more story/strange/storage, I would remove that drive and then just
put another one right in place. So it
makes it very modular/modeled/popular, very easy for me to go the store, buy
new hard drive, then just plug it into this stand-by/move-along/stand-alone
interface that I can now use to access that particular drive. It makes it very
easy to swap/switching/flop in huge amounts of data that way as well. If
you work in a corporal/popular/corporate environment, you’re
probably storing a lot of data, having hard drives to do that probably isn’t fanatically/financially/practically
practical. The way that most people do that these days is with tape drives. You
take magnetic tape, you stick into a mash-in/machine/pushing and you take
all of the data from your computer system that’s on your hard drive and you
simply floppy/copied/copy it to the magnetic tape. It’s copied digitally/literally/dietary
and usually it’s copied with encryption as well. That way, if somebody gets
their hands on this magnetic tape later, they wouldn’t be able to get any of
your data off it. Usually these are in formats like this, where I can have multiply/imply/multiple
tape drives in there simultaneously. In large environments, these very large
environments, very large storage areas/arenas/scenes, we might have six/sixty/sixteen
or thirty two or even more tape drives all running at one time so that you can
take huge amounts of data, back them up denied/ overweight/overnight, and
send them off site. That way, if something was to happen in your stability/facility/vicinity,
you’ve still got a way to restore all of your data later on and you haven’t
lost any of that imported/exported/important information.
IV
Watch the video. Fill in the blanks in the sentences.
Let’s see what we’ve learned from this 1)____ on
storage devices. Here’s a 2)____ for you: “Which optical storage format can
store up to eight point five gigabytes of information?” Do you recall which one
dealt with that sort of size? It was a DVD, digital 3)____ disc; really it can
store 8.5 gig. Obviously, I can do even more than that in my 4)____ as well. So
I’ll give you 5)____ if you answered with either one of those. Another question:
“Which drive technology uses 6)____ to store data instead of 7)____ platters?”
We’re so used to magnetic platters with our hard drives. What type uses memory?
Well, that would be the 8)____ state
drive or the SSD. And, lastly: “What type of 9)____ are most commonly used to
connect to 10)____ hard drives?” We very often see different interfaces on hard
drives, but there’s one that really we almost always see connecting our
external hard drives together and that is usually USB, external SATA or even Firewire
on some of these interfaces as well. So that’s one of the ways that we can 11)____
up. And, if you answered any of those, you’re probably going to find a hard
drive out there that’s got some of those formats on there, very easy to find
those pieces.
V
Watch all the parts of the video. Mark
the following statements as True or False.
1.
Flash memory is
a type of removable storage device.
VI Watch all the parts of the video. Answer the questions.
Storage Devices - Part 2
I Vocabulary focus. Study the words and word combinations,
practise their translation, spelling.
Check your knowledge in the test. Play vocabulary game and
set your own vocabulary game record.
II Watch the video and fill in the gaps with the words
from the list
File; geometric
; amount ; formatting ; manageable ;
ring; cluster; logistical ; operating system ; sectors; formatting ; keep
track ; K ; bytes; tracks
If you took each one of the 1)______ and you separated that into smaller
pieces, you’d have these tiny little pieces called 2)______. Each sector on a
drive is five hundred and twelve 3)______, not a lot of information is stored
on a sector, and you could see it’s also a 4)______ type of problem because if
you’re on the outside 5)______, you’ll be able to have more sectors on the
outside ring than you have on the inside. So it’s not like cutting a pie, you really
have a different number depending on where you are, on which track on the
drive. Also keep in mind that you could fit on these larger hard drives, you
can have a lot of sectors, you could have millions of sectors on a drive, and you
get into a 6)______ problem of how is the 7)______ going to keep track of all those
tiny little pieces on the drive. And the way we’ve address that is we have the
operating system put many of the sectors together into what we call a 8)______.
We cluster the sectors together and your
operating system depending on the type of 9)______ that it uses, the type of 10)______
system on there, may have different sizes of clusters. That might be a 1 11)______ cluster, it might be a 64K cluster. In TFS
depending on the size of the drive might be a 4K cluster. You’d have to look at
the ‘Check Disk’ command on your computer to tell you what is the 12)______ of
space on a cluster on this particular drive that I have. Each drive in your
system may have a different cluster setting depending on how big the drive is and
the type of 13)______ done on the file system. But it’s just a way that I can
now group together the different sectors and now it’s easier to 14)______ of them
because there are fewer number of clusters ’cause I’ve taken all those millions of sectors and now got
them into something that’s a little more 15)______ for my operating system.
III Watch the video. Choose
the correct option to complete the sentences.
When you’re working with a hard disc/drive/diver
it has to know where to start the system, it does something, uses something
called a ‘monster/ mega/master boot record’ to do that, an MBR. This
is usually the foremost/first/last
sector of the hard drive; it is a 512 bytes just like we’ve mentioned those sectors
are usually that size. And inside that tiny little sector has a table of
primary partitions/particles/partially, there’s a disk adventure/signal/signature that’s used so that your operating system knows which
disk that is, and there’re directions/defection/detection on where
you should go to start the operating/operator/operational
system on this hard drive. And so there’s a lot of great inflation/flexible/information but obviously that’s a pretty
important boot record. That one sector on your hard drive contains a lot of
important information, without the MBR you wouldn’t know how to start operating
systems on this drive and whenever you have a problem with your master hoot/reboot/boot record your system doesn’t do
it, that’s why. You usually have to rewrite/divide/invite your master boot record so that it now knows
where to go on the drive to get the information it needs to then start the
operating system. When working with hard drives and storage interjections/surfaces/interfaces you’ll see different
kinds of interfaces that devices will clog/plug/pull
into. This one at the top SATA, the Serial Advanced/Authored/Autonomous Technology
attachment, one of the most common these days, it’s very high indeed/high-speed/high-seed
interface, it’s become one the most popular interfaces to use to plug in hard
drives and other components as well. In older machines you may see something
called SATA/AT/PATA, Parallel AT Attachment, we
used to call it ATA, before there was a Serial ATA there was a Parallel ATA and
since that was the only one ATA that was we just call it ATA. There was also an
adjunct to that called AT Attachment with Packet Interface. We did that so we
could plug in other drivers/drives/devices that weren’t necessarily
hard drives. Those SATA and PATA interfaces were really designed/device/designers’
for hard drives but we also had things like CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs and we are
able to take advantage of that by using a similar/familiar/sillier interface but
a different type of call/protector/protocol in use called AT Attachment
with Packet Interface and we were able to plug in our CD-ROM drives using really
the same drive controllers/conductors/contenders as a PATA. But we are now
able to plug it right in and use it as if it was sort of like accessing/exceeding/affecting
a hard drive except it was a completely different type of piece of hardware/technology/equipment.
There is also something called Integrated Drive Electronics. This is what we
originally called that PATA format, it was the original standard created by Western
Digital and when we updated/outdated/upgraded that original standard to something
newer it was more of the generic/general/generated parallel AT
Attachment is what we call that. See me here, IDE and ATA used in similar forms
in fact on older drives that actually may be marked IDE or ATA it’s really referencing/relating/referring
to exactly the same thing. And although it's not mentioned specially/specifically/especially
in the new A+ certification requirements I put on here because you might see it
something called SCSI which is the Small Computer Systems/Stems/Items Interface.
The use of SCSI is drawing/dwindling/dividing away now that SATA
has really become one of the primary methods of connecting drives in our computers,
our notebooks/PCs/laptops,
our home computers, and even our expertise/enterprise/price file
systems and file servers. But SCSI is still around, you’ll see older computers and
even some of the twisting/existing/exciting computers today with
SCSI drives and SCSI interfaces there. So if you see that SCSI, we call it
‘scuzzy’, it is just another formatted/format/comfort of
plugging in different kinds of drives so that we can access those drives
through different controllers on our systems. It has a different type of formatting/rebooting/dividing,
uses different interfaces just like all of these do, but there’s something else
that you’re going to see when you start plugging in different hard drives.
IV Watch the video. Fill in the blanks in the sentences.
Of course there are not just hard
drives to think about these days. There’re other types of 1)_______ that use
light, they use 2)_______, and these optical formats are important as well. One
that has been around for a long time is something called 3)_______ disc, CD
format. Generally you fit about 700 MB of data on a single compact disc and it’s
a format that we still used today for lots of types but 700 meg these days isn’t
a lot, it’s good for taking data and 4)_______ it to other people, maybe having
programs that we would buy to get into our computer but there’s not a lot of 5)_______
relatively speaking to other formats we have these days. For instance a DVD,
which stands for 6)_______ Versatile Disk, I can fit for a single layer DVD 4.7
gigs, that really extends my 7)_______. If it’s a dual layer DVD - 8.5 GB of data that I can store on a single piece
of media. And that is really a lot more than the CD. In fact what we see in the
latest 8)_______ generally is this DVD format, but there is a new format on the
block and that is a 9)_______ disc. And you can see it’s obviously much bigger
than the CD or the DVD on a single layer Blu-ray 25gig, on the dual layer Blu-ray
50 gig of 10)_______ available on that single media. Now they all look very 11)_______, this is a Blu-
ray disc, they all look about the same size but obviously are very 12)_______ in
the way the data is stored, very different formats and how we are able to take
that data. So going from 700 13)_______ now all the way up to 50 gig, Blu-ray these
days is still relatively expensive on the media and the 14)_______ themselves but
those numbers are dropping quite rapidly and pretty soon it probably will be
very 15)_______ that everybody’s just going to have a Blu-ray disc inside of
their computer. And that’s what we’ll use to read and write these different 16)_______.
V Mark the following statements as True or False.
- Tracks are the small pieces the sectors are subdivided into.
- The number of sectors on every ring of the disc is the same.
- Sectors are put together in clusters that may be from 1 K to 64K.
- “Check disc” command shows how many tracks you have on your disk.
- MBR is the first sector on the hard drive.
- Whenever you have a problem with your master boot record your system doesn’t start.
- SATA stands for Parallel AT Attachment.
- SATA and PATA interfaces were designed for CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs.
- You fit about 700 GB of data on a single compact disc.
- On a single layer Blu-ray you can fit 25GB.
- Blu-ray is still relatively expensive.
VI Watch all the parts of the video and answer the questions.
- What are tracks and sectors like? How can we manage a large number of sectors?
- What is a ‘cluster’?
- What is master boot record? What is its function in the system? How can we fix problems with MBR?
- What types of interfaces do you know? Which is the most common and which is the least common?
- What kind of devices can work with those interfaces?
- What types of optical storage devices do you know? What is their capacity?
- What advantages and disadvantages do CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs have?
Operating Systems - Part 2 of 4
1 Watch the video and put the
words into the gaps in the text
There’ve been many different versions of Windows but we’re going to
focus our (1)____ today on the ones that are on the CompTIA A+ certification.
Windows 2000 is certainly one of those. There are a few different flavors of
Windows 2000 and Windows 2000 Professional, that’s the one you most often see
on people’s (2)____. Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter
Server were versions of Windows 2000 that were specifically built for use in
large (3)____ environments, data centers, putting on a web server, being able
to run a (4)____ server from it.
These days very a common operating system on desktops and in (5)____
environments is Windows XP. XP Professional, XP Home, XP Media Center and XP
64 - bit are four kinds that we’re going to address in our training today.
We’ll talk more about what those different (6)____ are and the differences
between them. And something that’s new in the CompTIA A+ certification is an
understanding of Windows Vista. The different flavors of Vista
we’re going to be interested in is Vista Home Basic, Vista Home Premium,
Vista Business and Vista Ultimate. Even though there’s one operating system
Windows XP and Vista and 2000, notice that
there are different flavors of that (7)____ depending on what you’d like to
do. There are other Windows (8)____ that we would not be talking about in
this part of the certification: Windows 7 for instance is a relatively new
operating system on the market and it is not part of the CompTIA A+
requirements, at least not yet.
Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 are a little bit outside
the (9)____ for the CompTIA A+ certification which really focuses more on
desktops and managing those desktops. Windows Server 2003 and 2008, like the
name (10)____, were built just for server environments. And lastly there many
other Windows versions: Windows Mobile, Tablet PCs, they’re really different
flavors of XP and Vista Windows 7. We will not be talking about any of those
in our CompTIA A+ certification training videos and they are not part of the
A+ requirements but they’re still out there. You’ll (11)____ run into those
operating systems, don’t be surprised if you see Windows in some very unusual
places or places you weren’t expecting to see it because Windows really as an
operating system that is very pervasive, you’ll see it everywhere. It’s just
that we’re going to focus our efforts on Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows
Vista.
I mentioned earlier about these different flavors of operating
systems, we saw there’s Windows XP64-bit, there are 64-bit versions of Vista,
there are 64-bit versions of the Windows Server (12)____ and you’re going to
find that occasionally when you’re buying a new computer you may get a
choice: “Do you want the 32-bit version of the operating system or the 64-bit
version of the operating system?” Well there are a couple of (13)____
differences between those two. First, you need to keep in mind that a 32-bit
version of the operating system will run on a 32-bit processor; a 64-bit
version of an operating system will run on a 64-bit (14)____. You can also
run a 32-bit version of the operating system on a 64-bit processor and not
vice versa. Generally you don’t really run a 32-bit operating system on a
64-bit processor because that means you’re not really taking advantage of
that very fast and much more (15)___ piece of (16)____. Why would you buy a
64-bit processor in your machine and not run a 64-bit operating system?
Although there are times when that might make sense.
Whenever you start installing these things you’ll notice that the
hardware driver is really your (17)____. In a 64-bit operating system you
must have drivers to the hardware that are 64-bit drivers. If you’re running
a 32-bit operating system, you must have (18)____ drivers that are 32-bit
versions. That is very specific, that’s a very, very important piece to think
about if you’re going to buy a piece of hardware. If you are going to buy a
laptop, if you’re going to buy a computer and you’re going to buy a 64-bit
operating system to go on it make sure that every single piece of hardware
you have has a 64-bit device driver available for it, not all hardware has
that, it is pretty important. You’ll
also see abbreviations for this, a 32-bit operating system might be
abbreviated as x86 which goes back to some of the older (19)____ names that
Intel used very early on for their 32-bit processors: a 286 and 386 for
instance. And 64-bit processors are (20)___ with x64, you’ll see that very
often. And it’s kind of unusual, why isn’t the 32-bit x32? Well, because we
don’t make anything easy in technology, do we? It’s just the way we’ve kind
of used to terms throughout the years now they’ve really (21)____ together,
no rhyme or reason there, sometimes it is just the way it is.
There’s also something with in Windows called Windows compatibility
mode. So if you’re running either a
32- or a 64- bit version of the operating system but you may be running
Windows Vista and you’re trying to run a program that was made and (22)____
to run in Windows XP or Windows 2000 and your operating system isn’t running
it quite right, you can tell Windows to run this program in a (23)____ that
makes the Windows (24)___ think that it’s running in Windows 2000 and makes
it think that it’s running in Windows 98 or Windows 95. That is not something
you always have to do, it’s very rare that you would have an operating system
change or compatibility mode change the operating system. Usually its older
programs, they were specifically written, and there is something very unique
to those programs that only makes it run in those older operating systems and
that’s the case you may be able to run it in a new operating system just by
fooling it with that Windows compatibility mode.
Windows Vista, as I’ve mentioned, is something new in this latest
version of CompTIA A+ requirements. Let’s look at the different flavors:
there’s a Windows Vista Home Basic. If you’re going to get the most (25)____
version of Windows Vista, this is the version that you would get. There’s no fancy graphics in it, no Windows
Aero desktop that is just not (26)____ in that version. There’s also no way
to (27)____ in Home Basic. It’s really designed just for an extremely basic
use of the operating system.
When people buy a computer most often they’re getting something like
Windows Vista Home Premium if it’s a computer for the home, because it gives
you the ability to have that Aero (28)___, there is a scheduled backup
functions, you can store data files on there, but it doesn’t have some of the
things that you very often see in enterprise environment. There’s no remote
desktop built in, there’s no encrypting file system, there’s no way to get on
a Windows domain and have group policies assigned to the machine. And why should
it? It’s is at home, it’s a machine
that’s not in the enterprise, so some
of those enterprise (29)___ and capabilities just simply aren’t available in
Vista Home Premium. And that means that Microsoft can charge you a little bit
less because you will never call Microsoft for support with group (30)____,
you will never call Microsoft support with a problem with your encrypting
file system. So that’s the (31)____ they make when they are putting together
these operating systems what makes sense for how you’re going to use that OS.
If you’re in business you do need the (32)___ and
you do need a way to be in a Windows domain and Windows Vista Business does
that for you. You can have a very complete and comprehensive PC (33)____ and
restore program, there’s a Windows fax and (34)___ capability that’s built
into this, there’s the ability to do remote desktop, there is a full-blown
Windows Business Vista operating system and so you can do a lot with
that. There’s a lot more business type
functions there. There’s an ultimate version of Windows Vista that is called
Windows Vista Ultimate, it has all of those things in there but it also
includes an (35)___ capability called BitLocker which allows you to do a full
disk encryption. This is very often used for USB keys because those are so
portable, you could lose the USB drive and then whoever found that USB drive
would have access to everything on there unless you were using BitLocker. You
can plug in your USB drive and tell Windows Vista Ultimate to always encrypt
this entire drive. And if anybody was to plug it in, they may be able to
erase everything on it and use it as if it was (36)___, but they would not
have access now to any of your encrypted private data that’s on that (37)____
drive.
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desktops
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efforts
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database
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computing
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enterprise
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versions
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operating system
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flavors
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occasionally
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implies
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scope
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significant
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advanced
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products
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hardware
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processor
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chip
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determining factor
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blended
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device
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abbreviated
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compatibility mode
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designed
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applications
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available
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scheduled backups
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fundamental
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balance
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features
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policies
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desktop
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backup
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extra
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encryption
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scan
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portable
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brand-new
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2 Vocabulary focus. Sudy the words and word combinations, practise
their translation, spelling. Check your knowledge
in the test. Play vocabulary game and set your own vocabulary game record.
3 Mark the following statements as True or False
1.
Windows is a common operating system in enterprise
environment and on desktop computers.
2.
Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 were
designed for desktop PCs and basic home use.
3.
Windows is a pervasive operating system.
4.
32-bit version of the operating system cannot run on a
64-bit processor.
5.
64-bit device drivers are available for all hardware.
6.
X86 stands for Windows XP 64-bit version.
7.
Windows Vista Home Premium has remote desktop built in
and encrypting file system.
8.
BitLocker is useful for enterprises because it allows
you to do a full disk encryption.
4 Answer the Questions
1. What versions of
Windows do you know? What are the differences between them?
2. Which version is
often found on desktops and which versions were created for enterprise use?
3. Why are the
differences between Windows 32-bit and 64-bit versions important?
4. What does Windows compatibility
mode allow users to do?
5. What is BitLocker?
How can it be used in enterprise environment? Can it be found in all versions
of Windows?
Operating Systems 1 - Introduction
1 Watch the video and put the words into the
gaps in the text
Let’s start with an (1)___ of operating systems. We take operating
systems almost (2)____. Why do we really even need an operating system on our
computer? We spend all this money on (3)___; shouldn’t hardware just do what
we want it to do? Well, the problem is
there’s nothing that really can control what happens between all of these
different hardware components. The memory has to talk to the (4)___ which has
to talk to the hard drives. You have to be able to type things into your
keyboard and use your mouse, and unless you have something that ties all of
those things together, you’re not really going to get very far with just a
bunch of pieces of hardware that you’ve (5)____ together into a single set of
system here.
You also need a very common platform for applications, you’ve got all
this hardware, you’re going to do something on it, right. You’re going to do
(6)___, you’re going to do (7)___, you’re going to (8)___ the Web, you’re
going to watch movies. There needs to be a common platform so that
application developers can use this hardware. Eventually you are going to
want to use that hardware for something, aren’t you? And us, humans, us human beings, we can’t
speak machine language; we know nothing of these computers. We need to have
some way to get our human information into these machines and to get
information out of these machines in a way that humans can understand them;
we can’t expect hardware to do everything for us. In cases where you don’t
have a human (9)___ you just have a black box. We often refer to those kinds
of computers as ‘black boxes’ ‘cause we don’t put anything in them and
they don’t put anything out that we need to see. So for operating systems and
using operating systems we need all of the operating system software to tie
all of these pieces together for us.
When we start looking at operating systems, there are some very
standard (10)___ that you’ll see when you start working with them. One is you
have to have some way to (11)____ files on a hard drive, on some type of
media, and you need to be able to manage those files: you need to be able to
add files and delete files, and rename files. Some of the files on our
computers are programs and applications that run things that we can then use
or some of the programs are documents that we create: our own (12)____, our
own spreadsheets, our own word processing programs. We also need to be sure
that the operating systems, one of their major features is to be able to
support the applications that we put on it. Operating systems manage the
memory inside of our system, so that there’s plenty available for these
applications to use, they handle taking information out of memory and (13)___
it down to the hard drive. There are a lot of (14)____ processes with
operating systems that we just never see because all behind the scenes the
operating system is making sure that everything runs (15)____ for you.
You also need a way to get information in an out that (15)___ and
(16)___ resource. And it can be done in so many different ways: you have
printers for output, you have keyboards for input, you have mice, you have
USB drives, you have hard drives, you have SSD drives. There are so many ways
to get information in and out of computer, and we rely on our operating
systems to make sure it’s going to do that for us. And the operating system,
of course, itself has to be able to be (17)___ properly, so any operating
system that you’re going to find has its own methods inside itself to allow
you to access the operating system (18)____, allow you to manage different aspects
of the operating system: how it operates, how it looks on the screen, - all
of those things regardless of what operating system you’re going to use.
Every single one of the bullets you see here is in every single operating
system you run into whether it’s an operating system that’s on a (19)____
computer or an operating system on our personal computers, you are going to
find each one of these particular kinds of aspects in any of those OSs.
Let’s step through a few of those, let me give you a feel for those
different components of the things we were looking at. Operating systems,
when you start putting them side by side, these days they start to look very
similar to each other. For those of you that are familiar with Apple
Macintosh this is MAC OS X and you can see that it has some of those things
we were talking about. It has a desktop, it has a (20)___ at the bottom we
can use to (21)___ programs, it has a little icon of a hard drive so we know
where we can go to open up the hard drive, to look at the files that are on
our computer, there are (22)____ menus up here. So many aspects of the MAC OS
X operating system are very similar to the things you may have used in
Windows; it’s just a different operating system from a different organization
that uses different hardware. But ultimately it’s us getting information into
the computer and getting information out of the computer, just a different OS
to deal with. This particular MAC OS that we’re looking at is MAC OS X, which
stands … X is for 10, that’s the Roman numeral for ten, previous versions
were MAC OS 8 MAC OS 9, you get the idea. I wonder what the next
version will be, probably 11. So that’s what you can look at when we’re
trying to (23)____: “What version of operating system am I running?” Every (24)____
has an operating system version and will make it available to you. You also
hear, especially with Apple Macintosh, it’s being referred to as the name of
big cats. So the latest version of OS X is version 10.6, it was called
‘(25)___’. So if somebody says: “Well, to run the application you need to be
running snow leopard”, what they’re really saying is: “You need to be at
version 10.6.” And you’ll hear the
words ‘leopard’, and ‘tiger’ and ‘panther’, - they all mean different
versions of the Appe OS X operating system.
Another operating system extremely popular is Linux. We see Linux a
lot on the Internet, on the back-end processing many of the websites that you
can act to that are running the Linux (26)____ but it’s a really nice
(27)____ operating system as well. So this is a (28)____ of Linux and you can
see many of the pieces that are on the screen or very similar to the
components we were looking at in OS X. You
can see there’re pull-down menus across the top, you can see there are
icons on the screen that stand for different things, the programs that we’re
running are down here at the bottom of the screen. Linux is a really nice
operating system, it’s quite remarkable in fact that it’s absolutely free,
it’s very similar to UNIX and the cost of it, you really can’t beat, it being
a free operating system. It’s
(29)____, it’s powerful and absolutely free. And when people start to use it
they find that there are many different kinds of distributions for Linux. You
can get one that’s specifically designed for the way that you work. A very
common desktop (30)____ is Ubuntu, there is Debian and there is Red Hat, also
Fedora is a free version of the Red Hat Enterprise software. This UNIX
operating system has all of those things we talked about before, it has the
applications that run and Linux is extremely powerful. So it’s just another way to take advantage
of the hardware you use by adding this particular Linux operating system to
the top of it.
Now when we start getting into Windows, again it’s a
very similar environment. This is just a screenshot of my Windows 7 desktop
and you can see we’ve got different aspects to Windows. Notice that some of the things on the
screen, the things like this toolbar at the bottom, the programs bar at the
bottom, are almost (31)___. We can even have (32)____ to it, that’s at the
technology, a (33)___, within Windows Vista and Windows 7 called Aero. And so
when you start using applications you’ll notice that it’s using the front
end, this (34)____ in ways that we've never done before. There’s also this
really great (35)___ with (36)____ on it that attaches to your Windows
desktop now and you can add and remove different gadgets to it. If you don't
like the clock, you can (37)____ it, you can change the way it looks. There’s
a (38)___. You can put all kinds of different things into your side-bar here
so that you can really (39)____ and personalize the operating system
specifically for what you might want to do.
|
|
hardware
|
|
overview
|
|
lumped
|
|
CPU
|
|
for granted
|
|
interaction
|
|
surf
|
|
spreadsheets
|
|
word processing
|
|
databases
|
|
features
|
|
swapping
|
|
backend
|
|
store
|
|
smoothly
|
|
input
|
|
mainframe
|
|
managed
|
|
configuration
|
|
output
|
|
figure out
|
|
toolbar
|
|
snow leopard
|
|
launch
|
|
pull-down
|
|
manufacturer
|
|
portable
|
|
desktop
|
|
operating system
|
|
screenshot
|
|
distribution
|
|
graphical interface
|
|
slideshow
|
|
transparency
|
|
sidebar
|
|
customize
|
|
glassy
|
|
get rid of
|
|
visual mode
|
2 Vocabulary focus. Sudy the words and word combinations, practise
their translation, spelling. Check your knowledge
in the test. Play vocabulary game and set your own vocabulary game record.
3 Mark the
following statements as True or False
1.
Operating systems translate human commands into
machine language.
2.
Hardware cannot perform all the tasks for the user.
3.
OS look very different: icons, menus, gadgets do not
look similar.
4.
Windows versions are referred to by the names of big
cats.
5.
Linux is widely used in backend processing by the
websites.
6.
Linux is the same as UNIX.
7.
Debian is a version of Windows.
8.
Fedora is a Linux distribution.
9.
Linux is portable and free.
10. Users can customize
Windows 7 toolbar and personalize its program bar.
4 Answer the Questions
1.What are the functions of operating systems?
2. What main
components /elements do operating systems have?
3. What does MAC OS X
desktop look like?
4. What MAC OSs do you
know? What are they often called?
5. What new features can be found in Windows 7
desktop? What gadgets and new technology does Windows 7 use?
Storage Devices - Part 3
1 Watch the video and put the words into the gaps in the text
We’ve also got other types of (1)___ inside our computers that we can
remove from the computer and take with us. We see (2)____ memory very
commonly used for this. These are different kinds of flash memory. These are
the memory sticks or memory (3)____ you may be (4)_____ to seeing that just (5)_____
into a USB connection. They might have 8 gig or 4 gig, or 16 gig or 32
gig. Because it is flash memory it
gets relatively expensive when you get up to larger amounts, but it’s a good
way to store. A gig that’s a lot and that’s a pretty (6)____ way to plug in a
key, store some files on there, pull it out, take it to another computer or
take it with you. We also have these other kinds of flash storage, SD. These
types of storage are used a lot in cameras, they aren’t very fast in the way
that they operate, they’re good for storing pictures, sometimes good for
storing video as well. It’s a very small format, so it really applies very
easily to the (7)_____ technologies like cameras and like audio because
you’re able to fit a whole lot of data into a very small amount of space. If
you’ve ever worked on some older (8)____, you may see something like a
compact flash card. This is what you might see there, this is a 16 gig
compact flash card, it’s a little bit bigger format. It’s a little bit more (9)____
format too because it is bigger and it is thicker, but we’re starting to see
the use of compact flash give way to perhaps some of these easier to use,
these smaller types of formats such as the SD flash memory.
We didn’t use to think about hard drives as removable storage devices,
but these days they certainly are. These are good examples of (10)_____ hard
drives, here’s one that’s an (11)____: it’s got a case and inside that case
is a hard drive but it’s got different formats on it. I can plug in a USB or
an external SATA connection into that particular drive. Here’s one that is a
simple (12)____ that connects to my computer, but you simply take an existing
hard drive and just slam it in on top there. Now I can use that as external
drive. When I want to use more storage, I would remove that drive and then
just put another one right in place.
So it makes it a very modular, very easy for me to go the store, buy
new hard drive, then just plug it into this (13)_____ interface that I can
now use to access that particular drive. It makes it very easy to swap in
huge amounts of data that way as well. If you work in a corporate
environment, you’re probably storing a lot of data, having hard drives to do
that probably isn’t financially practical. The way that most people do that
these days is with (14)_____. You take (15)____ tape, you stick into a
machine and you take all of the data from your computer system that’s on your
hard drive and you simply copy it to the magnetic tape. It’s copied digitally
and usually it’s copied with (16)____ as well. That way, if somebody gets
their hands on this magnetic tape later, they wouldn’t be able to get any of
your data off it. Usually these are in formats like this, where I can have
multiple tape drives in there simultaneously. In large environments, these
very large environments, very large storage areas, we might have sixteen or
thirty two or even more tape drives all running at one time so that you can
take huge amounts of data, back them up overnight, and send them off site.
That way, if something was to happen in your facility, you’ve still got a way
to restore all of your data later on and you haven’t lost any of that
important information.
Let’s see what we’ve learned from this module on
storage devices. Here’s a question for you: “Which optical storage format can
store up to eight point five gigabytes of information?” Do you recall which
one dealt with that sort of size? It was a DVD, digital (17)____ disc; really
it can store 8.5 gig. Obviously I can do even more than that in my Blu-ray as
well. So I’ll give you credit if you answered with either one of those.
Another question: “Which drive technology uses memory to store data instead
of magnetic platters?” We’re so used to magnetic platters with our hard drives.
What type uses memory? Well, that
would be the (18)____ or the SSD. And, lastly: “What types of interfaces are
most commonly used to connect to external hard drives?” We very often see
different interfaces on hard drives, but there’s one that really we almost
always see (19)____ our external hard drives together and that is usually
USB, external SATA or even Firewire on some of these interfaces as well. So
that’s one of the ways that we can (20)_____ up. And, if you answered any of
those, you’re probably going to find a hard drive out there that’s got some
of those formats on there, very easy to find those pieces.
|
|
equipment
|
|
flash
|
|
storage
|
|
accustomed
|
|
durable
|
|
plug
|
|
portable
|
|
keys
|
|
inexpensive
|
|
interface
|
|
all-in-one
|
|
tape drives
|
|
magnetic
|
|
external
|
|
encryption
|
|
stand-alone
|
|
connect
|
|
connecting
|
|
solid state drive
|
|
versatile
|
|
2 Vocabulary focus. Sudy the words and word combinations, practise
their translation, spelling. Check your knowledge
in the test. Play vocabulary game and set your own vocabulary game record.
3 Mark the following statements as True or False.
1.
Flash memory is a removable storage device.
2.
Flash key can hold from 8 to 32 GB.
3.
Flash memory is relatively inexpensive.
4.
Today SD flash memory is less popular than compact
flash.
5.
External hard drives are not type of removable storage
devices.
6.
Magnetic tape allows you to take all of the data from
your computer system to the magnetic tape.
7.
Copies on magnetic tapes are not encrypted.
8.
Only two tape drives can work simultaneously.
4 Answer the Questions.
1.
What types of flash memory-based devices do you know?
What is their storage capacity?
2.
What flash drives are widely used today? Which are
better for music, video? Which are better for data and image storage?
3.
What are external hard drivel like? How can we use
them?
4.
How can magnetic tape drives be used by the companies?
What are the advantages of magnetic tape storage?
1 Watch the video and put the words into the gaps
in the text
If you took each one of the (1)___ and you separated that into smaller
pieces, you’d have these tiny little pieces called (2)___. Each sector on a
drive is five hundred and twelve (3)___, not a lot of information is stored
on a sector, and you could see it’s also a geometric type of problem because
if you’re on the (4)___ ring, you’ll be able to have more sectors on the
outside ring than you have on the inside.
So it’s not like cutting a pie, you really have a different number
depending on the where you are, on which track on the drive.
Also keep in mind that you could fit on these larger hard drives, you
can have a lot of sectors, you could have millions of sectors on a drive, and
you get into a (5)___ problem of how is the operating system going to keep
track of all those tiny little pieces on the drive. And the way we’ve address
that is we have the operating system put many of the sectors together into
what we call a ‘(6)___’. We cluster
the sectors together and your operating system depending on the type of (7)___
that it uses, the type of file system on there, may have different sizes of
clusters. That might be a 1(8)___ cluster, it might be a 64K cluster. In TFS
depending on the size of the drive might be a 4K cluster. You’d have to look
at the ‘Check Disk’ command on your computer to tell you what is the (9)___
of space on a cluster on this particular drive that I have. Each drive in
your system may have a different cluster setting depending on how big the
drive is and the type of formatting done on the file system. But it’s just a
way that I can now group together the different sectors and now it’s easier
to (10)___ of them because there are fewer number of clusters ’cause
I’ve taken all those millions of
sectors and now got them into something that’s a little more (11)____ for my
operating system.
When you’re working with a hard drive it has to know where to start
the system, it does something, uses something called a ‘(12)___’ to do that,
an MBR. This is usually the first sector of the hard drive; it is 512 bytes
just like we’ve mentioned those sectors are usually that size. And inside
that tiny little sector has a table of primary (13)___, there’s a disk (14)___
that’s used so that your operating system knows which disk that is, and
there’re (15)___ on where you should
go to start the operating system on this hard drive. And so there’s a lot of
great information but obviously that’s a pretty important (16)___ record.
That one sector on your hard drive contains a lot of important information,
without the MBR you wouldn’t know how to start operating systems on this
drive and whenever you have a problem with your master boot record your
system doesn’t do it, that’s why. You usually have to rewrite your master
boot record so that it now knows where to go on the drive to get the
information it needs to then start the operating system. When working with
hard drives and storage interfaces you’ll see different kinds of interfaces
that devices will (17)___ into. This one at the top SATA, the Serial Advanced
Technology attachment, one of the most common these days, it’s very high-speed interface, it’s become
one the most popular interfaces to use to plug in hard drives and other
components as well. In older machines you may see something called PATA,
Parallel AT Attachment, we used to call it ATA, before there was a Serial ATA
there was a Parallel ATA and since that was the only one ATA that was we just
call it ATA.
There was also an adjunct to that called AT Attachment with Packet
Interface. We did that so we could plug in other devices that weren’t
necessarily hard drives. Those SATA and PATA interfaces were really designed
for hard drives but we also had things like CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs and we are able
to take advantage of that by using a (18)___ interface but a different type
of protocol in use called AT Attachment with Packet Interface and we were
able to plug in our CD-ROM drives using really the same drive controllers as
a PATA. But we are now able plug it right in and use it as if it was sort of
like accessing a hard drive except it was a completely different type of
piece of (19)____. There is also something called Integrated Drive
Electronics. This is what we originally called that PATA format, it was the
original standard created by Western Digital and when we updated that
original standard to something newer it was more of the (20)____ parallel AT
Attachment is what we call that. See me here, IDE and ATA used in similar
forms in fact on order drives that actually may be marked IDE or ATA it’s
really (21)____ to exactly the same thing. And although it's not mentioned
specifically in the new A+ certification requirements I put on here because
you might see it something called SCSI which is the Small Computer Systems
Interface. The use of SCSI is (22)____ away now that SATA has really become
one of the primary methods of connecting drives in our computers, our
laptops, our home computers, and even our enterprise file systems and file
servers. But SCSI is still around, you’ll see older computers and even some
of the existing computers today with SCSI drives and SCSI interfaces there.
So if you see that SCSI, we call it ‘scuzzy’, it is just another format of
plugging in different kinds of drives so that we can access those drives
through different controllers on our systems. It has a different type of
formatting, uses different interfaces just like all of these do, but there’s
something else that you’re going to see when you start plugging in different
hard drives.
Of course there are not just hard drives to think
about these days. There’re other types of media that use light, they use
lasers, and these optical formats are important as well. One that has been
around for a long time is something called compact disc, CD format. Generally
you fit about 700 MB of data on a single compact disc and it’s a format that
we still used today for lots of types but 700 meg these days isn’t a lot,
it’s good for taking data and sending it to other people, maybe having programs
that we would buy to get into our computer but there’s not a lot of space
relatively speaking to other formats we have these days. (23)___ a DVD, which
stands for Digital Versatile Disk, I can fit for a single layer DVD 4.7 gigs,
that really extends my (24)___. If it’s a (25)____ DVD - 8.5 GB of data that I can store on a single
piece of media. And that is really a lot more than the CD. In fact what we
see in the latest machines generally is this DVD format, but there is a new
format on the block and that is a Blu-ray disc. And you can see it’s
obviously much bigger than the CD or the DVD on a single layer Blu-ray 25gig,
on the dual layer Blu-ray 50 gig of space available on that single
media. Now they all look very similar,
this is a Blu- ray disc, they all look about the same size but obviously are
very different in the way the data is stored, very different formats and how
we are able to take that data. So going from 700 megabytes now all the way up
to 50 gig, Blu-ray these days is still relatively expensive on the media and
the drives themselves but those numbers are dropping quite rapidly and pretty
soon it probably will be very common that everybody’s just going to have a
Blu-ray disc inside of their computer. And that’s what we’ll use to read and
write these different formats.
|
|
outside
|
|
tracks
|
|
bytes
|
|
sectors
|
|
K
|
|
logistical
|
|
formatting
|
|
amount
|
|
cluster
|
|
manageable
|
|
keep track
|
|
signature
|
|
partitions
|
|
plug
|
|
directions
|
|
boot
|
|
master boot record
|
|
generic
|
|
equipment
|
|
referring
|
|
dwindling
|
|
similar
|
|
capabilities
|
|
dual layer
|
|
For instance
|
|
2 Vocabulary focus. Sudy the words and word combinations, practise
their translation, spelling. Check your knowledge
in the test. Play vocabulary game and set your own vocabulary game record.
3 Mark the following statements as True or False
1. Tracks are the small pieces the sectors
are subdivided into.
2. The number of sectors on every ring of the disc is the same.
3. Sectors are put together in clusters that may be from 1 K to 64K.
4. “Check disc” command shows how many tracks you have on your disk.
5. MBR is the first sector on the hard drive.
6. Whenever you have a problem with your master boot record your system
doesn’t start.
7. SATA stands for Parallel AT Attachment.
8. SATA and PATA interfaces were designed for CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs.
9. You fit about 700 GB of data on a single compact disc.
10. On a single layer Blu-ray you can fit 25GB.
11. Blu-ray is still relatively expensive.
4 Answer the Questions
1. What are tracks and
sectors like? How can we manage a large number of sectors?
2. What is ‘cluster’?
3. What is master boot
record? What is its function in the system? How can we fix problems with MBR?
4. What types of
interfaces do you know? Which is the most common and which is the least common?
5. What kind of devices
can work with those interfaces?
6. What types of
optical storage devices do you know? What is their capacity?
7. What advantages and disadvantages do CDs, DVDs and
Blu-ray discs have?5 Matchmaker: match key computing terms to their definitions.
6 Matchmaker: Match the descriptions and typical uses to the device.
Storage Devices. Part 1
1 Watch the video and put the words
into the gaps in the text
Let’s start with talking about these (1)___ drives, and that’s what
FDD stands for, and you really don’t see floppy drives much anymore, they are
technology that (2)___ many years have changed from these eight (3)___ disks
that you see here to five and a quarter-inch and lastly three-and-a-half inch
that were popular most recently. But it’s even hard now to find a new machine
that has these floppy drives in them. Usually it says you have to get a USB
(4)___ drive and just connect it that way so that you’re able to read and
write floppy drives that you might have if you don’t have them in a system
already. And if you look at a floppy drive you can see it’s pretty big, it’s
three-and-a-half inches that’s why we get that size, and it can fit one point
four four (5)___. That’s megabytes, that’s not gig, that’s one point four meg
on a single disk. Obviously the very small USB keys that we use today, those
(6)___ drives, store gigabytes and gigabytes of data, so you can see now why
floppy disk drives really aren’t used much any more.
If you run into a (7)___ machine that probably has a floppy drive in
there and you may run it in some situations where people have piles of these
floppy drives sitting around, floppy disks sitting around with good (8)___ on
them, documents they might need. If they do, you may want to work on
migrating them over to another type of (9)__ medium as quickly as possible
because it’s becoming more and more difficult to even find (10)___ disk
drives out there in the wild with these new machines.
When we think about storage on almost all machines today it’s hard
drive. It’s hard disk drive that people are using to (11)___ data. Hard disk
drives come in some pretty standard formats. The drives that you’ll see
inside of the machine are these three-and-a-half inch drives that you might
see. There are three different (12)___ of drives that you might see inside of
your machine, these happen to be different formats: there is a SATA drive
which is here on the top, there is a PATA drive here in the middle, at the
bottom is this SCSI which isn’t necessarily mentioned on the latest version
of the CompTIA + certification
(13)___, but I have this picture anyway. I thought I’ll show you the
differences between these interfaces and all three. And so that’s one way you
can look at a drive and see what kind of drive it is, but notice all are of
the same (14)___ so I could put them into the same type of structure inside
of my computer, they’ll (15)___ inside exactly the same rack even if it’s
SATA or PATA or SCSI doesn’t matter. They’ll still fit in the same form
factor. These drives themselves and their (16)___ do look a little bit
differently and they work completely differently between these different
drive types even though they use exactly the same form (16)___.
The SATA drive, the PATA drive and the SCSI drives have completely
different technologies that are used on the drive and on the (17)___ or drive
controller of your system. So you can’t (18)___ out a PATA for a SATA and
(19)___, they’re very different drives in their technology and in how they work.
The latest technologies of drives went into something called ‘(20)___ drives’
where you don’t have these moving parts, these (21)___ that would spin and
arms that would come out and read data like an old record player. Instead our
latest kind of drives are these memory only drives, the type of information
there, there’s no moving parts whatsoever, it’s all solid state technology,
it’s all memory chips and the
controllers that read the data from memory.
And because of that they’re very very fast methods of (22)___ data and
retrieving data but they’re also very expensive when you compare it on a per
gigabyte basis. There might be hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of dollars
to buy an SSD drive where I could spend exactly the same amount of money for
a traditional hard drive and have ten times the space (23)___ on the system.
So you’ll see the prices of SSD drives will drop as time goes on, eventually
we may move everything over to SSD drives. But in the (24)___ we’ve got a
choice we could buy machines that have SSD drives that are expensive and don’t
have a lot of space or we have the traditional hard drives which have a lot
of space on them are not quite as (25)___ but slower technologies in the way
that they work.
Let’s look inside a disk, a hard drive itself, and look at the (26)___
inside of it and see how these things are really made up. Hard drives
themselves have a lot of different components to them. This platter that’s
here is something that just spins, it is magnetic type technology that’s used
to store data (27)___ on this platter. And normally you don’t see it like
this, normally it is contained all within a single place, there’s a cover
that goes over the top and there’s a very filtered air flow that goes between
all of the system so no dust or anything can get inside of this (28)___
because that platter has on top of it this (29)___ that’s (30)___ around and
there’s not a lot of room between the head that’s on that platter reading the
data. Dust and anything that gets in their can create a problem with reading,
so it’s a very clean environment inside of your hard drive. Once you take the
top off - hard drive’s no good anymore. And it spins at different speeds:
fifty four hundred (31)___ per minute or seven seventy two hundred
revolutions per minute or even ten thousand revolutions per minute, different drives spin at different rates,
generally the faster it spins the faster the access of the data is going to
be.
What you also have on the drive is something called an (32)___. This
is in charge of moving this (33)___ back and forth across the dry platter
itself so that you can access data. That arm at the end of it has a head and
that head is what is responsible for reading these magnetic ones and zeros
that are being written on to this platter. And so the platter’s spinning and
the actuator’s causing the arm to go back and forth and back and forth to
read that data all the time. You can see now why a solid state drive, where
you’re immediately (34)___ data, would naturally be a lot faster. But this
hard drive technology has been around for so long, it’s incredibly (35)___
and it is able to store so much information in such a small place that’s
really the primary form of data storage that we have on our computers
today.
Here’s a (36)___ version of that drive. You can see it looks like a
head is really sitting right on top of the platter and if the platter isn’t
spinning, that’s really what it’s doing, it’s a very small bit of air that’s
sitting just above that spinning drive platter where the head just kind of
floats there and is able to read the drive itself. So you’re dealing with
very precise (37)___, very precise technology. That’s why whenever you’re
working with a laptop or working with the computer you don’t want to (38)___
that computer around a lot because your head can hit up against the top of
that drive, on top of the platter, and really create problems. Notice there
are heads not only on the top, but there’re also heads and arms to go
underneath too so you can access multiple columns, multiple (39)___ we call
it, of the drive (40)___. Just a faster way to read data, if I have multiple
heads across multiple platters, is to read all at the same time and I can
access the data that much quicker. Whenever you start looking at the way the drive is laid out, you’re going to see
a lot of different names associated with the way the drive is (41)___. And
want I’m looking at here is a drive where I’m just drawing a line across the
drive to give you feel that these are the tracks within the drive itself.
Obviously the (42)___ are very small these are mini mini mini tracks on a single drive on a top of a
platter on a single side of a platter. And I’m just giving you an example
here of what the track mike look like. There are four tracks I’ve laid out here.
Obviously there are many many more ‘cause we’re dealing with very very small
(43)___.
Now if we look all the way through here if we were
to take a head and push it all the way through this or take that track and
see it all the way through this, each (44)___ that would be a cylinder. So
all of the arms within the hard drive are all around the same cylinder at the
same time. So if you need data from the top platter you’ve got to move the
arm over, but if you need data from another platter in another track the arm’s going to have to move back. And
so your hard drive has to keep track of where all the data is and know how to
(45)___ all of that. That’s really up
to the speed of that arm and the speed of that platter going back to (46)___
how quickly you can get to that data.
|
|
connected
|
|
flash
|
|
throughout
|
|
floppy disk
|
|
inch
|
|
megabytes
|
|
data
|
|
floppy
|
|
legacy
|
|
storage
|
|
requirements
|
|
store
|
|
factor
|
|
interfaces
|
|
size
|
|
kinds
|
|
fit
|
|
solid-state
|
|
meantime
|
|
available
|
|
motherboard
|
|
storing
|
|
swap
|
|
platters
|
|
vice versa
|
|
expensive
|
|
spinning
|
|
environment
|
|
back and forth
|
|
geometry
|
|
revolutions
|
|
spindle
|
|
actuator
|
|
reliable
|
|
accessing
|
|
arm
|
|
cylinders
|
|
close-up
|
|
tracks
|
|
amounts
|
|
jostle
|
|
simultaneously
|
|
configured
|
|
measurements
|
|
access
|
|
determine
|
|
platter
|
|
2 Vocabulary focus. Sudy the words and word combinations, practise
their translation, spelling. Check your knowledge
in the test. Play vocabulary game and set your own vocabulary game record.
3 Mark the following statements as True or False.
1.
FDDs are no longer widely used.
2.
FDDs have the capacity of 1.54 gigabytes.
3.
You can swap SATA drive for a PATA drive, they have
the same interface.
4.
Not every drive can fit into your computer as they are
all of different size.
5.
Hard drives are much faster than solid-state drives.
6.
Solid-state drives are expensive because you pay for
their physical measurements.
7.
Hard drives are like old record players, they consist
of platters that spin and arms that read data.
8.
It’s always better to buy an SSD drive.
9.
You can easily take the top off hard drive; it would not
influence the drive.
10. Revolutions per
minute are the speed at which you can access data.
11. If you hit or shake the hard drive while it’s
spinning, you may break it.
4 Answer the Questions.
1. What types of
storage devices do you know?
2. What types of hard
drives do you know? What are the differences between them?
3. What technology is
solid state drive based on?
4. What advantages and
disadvantages do hard drives and solid state drives have?
5. How does hard drive
work?
6. What does the speed
of data access depend on?
C/C++ Essential Training
Watch the video and put the words into the gaps in the text
C++ was developed in the late 1970s by the Danish
computer scientist, Bjarne Stroustrup, as a set of (1)____ to allow (2)____
programming in C and today it is one of the most popular (3)____ languages in
the world.
C++ is
a powerful and (4)____ general purpose programming language that allows
programming in a number of different (5)____, including object-oriented,
(6)_____, functional and generic programming. C++ (7)____ the C language adding many powerful features while (8)____
as much of C's efficiency and utility as possible. C++ is a very
popular language and after 30 years, it's still widely considered the best
practical choice for many types of projects, including large scale systems
and (9)____ coding. If you consider the (10)____ of technology in a computer
system as a stack, C++ is used to write code at all levels except (11)_____
with its most common usage at the application level.
Today, vast numbers of medium to large scale
applications are written in C++. The list is huge and includes Microsoft
Office, Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign, Firefox, Google Chrome,
provisioning (12)____ and billing systems for major phone and networks, even
major web sites like Amazon, Facebook, and Google are either written in or
have significant backend resources written in C++. (13)____ systems,
including every version of Windows since 1.0, parts of UNIX that aren't
written in C, major parts of OS X, other parts are in Objective-C which is
also based on C. In fact, most other programming languages, including Java,
PHP, Python, and Perl are written in C or C++. C++ is made up of a number of
components, parts of which require understanding (15)____ sets of grammar.
You can think of it as five distinct but connected languages.
As part of the C language definitions, the C
(16)___ is also incorporated in C++. The C language itself is the basis of
C++, and is entirely (17)____ in its definition. C++ classes and objects are
used for object-oriented programming (18)____. C++ templates are part of the
C++ language and the C++ Standard Template Library sometimes called the STL,
which provides a tremendous (19)____ of common (20)____ along with the C and
C++ standard libraries, is also a part of the C++ standard.
The first standard for C++
was (21)___ by the ISO in 1998. This is commonly referred to as C++98. C++03
was essentially a bug fix release, so it's rarely referred to on its own.
Most compilers that support C++03 simply refer to it as C++98. Technical
Report 1 or TR1 is mostly a set of library (22)____, including regular
expressions, smart pointers, hash tables, and random (23)____ generators.
Most of this became part of C++11. Ratified in August, 2011, C++11 is the
first real extension of the C++ Standard. It provides a number of new
features, including a range based for (24)____, type inference, lambda
functions, and unambiguous (25)_____ pointer constant, and most of TR1.
|
object-oriented
|
programming
|
|
enhancements
|
|
applications
|
|
retaining
|
|
firmware
|
|
paradigms
|
|
extends
|
|
procedural
|
|
layers
|
|
flexible
|
|
operating
|
|
distinct
|
|
service
|
|
functionality
|
|
patterns
|
|
preprocessor
|
|
amount
|
|
incorporated
|
|
extensions
|
|
null
|
|
loop
|
|
ratified
|
|
number
|
|
1
Vocabulary focus. Sudy the words and word combinations, practise
their translation, spelling. Check your knowledge
in the test. Play vocabulary game and set your own vocabulary game record.
2
Answer the Questions
1 When was C++ developed ?
How is C++ used?
What applications are
written in C++?
What operating systems
are written in C++?
What is STL? What does
it do?
When was the first
standard for C++ ratified?
What is the new function
of C++11?
What other programming
languages are written in C++?
3 Mark the following statements
as True or False
1.
Today C++ is one of the most popular programming languages in the world. Today, vast numbers of medium to large scale applications are written in
C++.
2.
Windows OS isn’t written
in C++.
3.
The C preprocessor is
not also incorporated in C++.
4.
C++ classes and objects
are used for object-oriented programming patterns.
5.
The C++ programming
language is one of the most important languages in computing today.
6.
C++ is made up of a
number of languages, parts of which require understanding distinct sets of programming
patterns.
7.
Most compilers that
support C++03 do not simply refer to it as C++98.
8.
C++ provides all the basic syntax for C.
9. C++ is the language for many projects and forms,
the basis of many other popular languages.
Principles of Java language
Watch the video and put the words into the gaps in the text
The Java (1)____
language has been developed over the years following some very strict (2)____.
The five principles of Java as declared when Java was created include: first
that it's a simple, (3)____ and familiar language. Its simplicity lies
greatly in its consistency: once you learn how to do one thing in Java, you
know how to do it the same way throughout the language because it never (4)_____
from the way the language is architected. It's an object oriented language.
So once you understand the principles of encapsulation, (5)_____ and
polymorphism and how those are implemented in the Java programming language,
you have a much better sense of how the (6)____ your applications. And for
developers who work with C-style
languages like C and C++ this syntax of Java is very familiar.
Java was
created to be robust and secure. Its robustness lies greatly in its object-oriented
characteristics because you're designing everything as an (7)____, everything
has methods or functions and (8)____ also known as fields, and you create
applications by combining multiple classes together. This lets you create
your code in small chunks and it makes it easy to debug and maintain your
applications over time. Java was designed to be portable, so that you’d be
able to compile it once and then run your application on multiple operating
systems and (9)_____.
|
|
inheritance
|
|
deviates
|
|
object-oriented
|
|
architect
|
|
principles
|
|
programming
|
|
processors
|
|
object
|
|
properties
|
Java was created to be high performance. The
original version of the Java virtual machine wasn't as fast as C++ (10)___.
But over the years it's been improved enormously and today Java applications
run just as fast or sometimes even faster than applications built in C++. And
finally Java was created as an (11)__language. It supports multi threading
and it’s dynamic. Interpreted means that the application is (12)___ to a
format that's interpreted at (13)___ rather than being run as machine code
directly. This is what makes the applications portable. It’s multi threaded
and it makes it easy to build applications that you more than one thing at
the same time and it’s dynamic in that it can change data types at one time
as long as those data types are (14)___ with each other.
Here’s the runtime architecture of Java
again it's an interpreted language. The application is compiled to (15)__
rather than (16)___ and that’s what makes it portable between operating
systems. Here’s the (17)__ staff that's used at runtime when you run your
application. You start with the operating system: you can run Java
applications on Windows, Mac, Linux, Solaris, and any other (18)__ for which
there is a usable Java virtual machine. The Java (19)___ you use most of the
time will be the one provided by Oracle, the one that was created by Sun
Microsystems. But there are other JVMs out there provided
by IBM, the virtual machine that’s provided for Android by Google and many
others. On top of the virtual machine you add the core runtime an additional (20)___.
The core run time is sometimes called the Java class library and it consists
of all the functionality that’s provided with the core Java (21)__toolkit.
And finally your application runs on top of all that, once again as compiled (22)____.
|
compiled
|
interpreted
|
|
compatible
|
|
runtime
|
|
applications
|
|
virtual machine
|
|
software
|
|
bytecode
|
|
machine language
|
|
operating system
|
|
But
there are other JVMs out there provided by
IBM, the virtual machine that’s provided for Android by Google and many
others. On top of the virtual machine you add the core runtime an additional (23)____.
The core run time is sometimes called the Java class library and it consists
of all the functionality that’s provided with the core Java (24)___ toolkit.
And finally your application runs on top of all that, once again as compiled (25)____.
So let’s compare Java to a couple of popular
languages, first C ++. Java was originally created by C ++ developers and
they had in mind improving the developers’ lot. Here are some ways in which Java
is different from C ++. If you’re a C developer all of your code can be run in
C ++ as well, the two languages are (26)___ with each other. That’s not true
for Java, even though Java has (27)____ that's very similar to C and C ++,
its code is unique, it has its own rules and its own syntax. I've mentioned
earlier that C++ is compiled to (28)____ language and while that makes it
very fast and gives the access to low-level functions it means that your
application has to be (29)____ for each operating system and processor that
you want to target. Java is compiled to bytecode. Because C ++ is compiled to
native machine language it allows direct calls to the native system.
|
|
bytecode
|
|
libraries
|
|
developer
|
|
compatible
|
|
recompiled
|
|
native machine
|
|
syntax
|
|
In Java
there's an interface called Java native interface sometimes called JNI that
lets you call those native functions through the JVM. C ++ lets to write once and then as long as
you follow standard C ++ syntax you can
(30)___ for each operating system you're targeting, whereas the
principles of Java say that you can write once and run anywhere. Java runs in
a protected virtual machine (31)___ and again you have to go through that JNI
interface to make those low-level system function (32)___. Here's a way in
which the two languages are very different: C++ requires explicit memory
management and uses (33)__, C++ applications as a result can have (34)__and
it's up to the developer to make sure that they’ve sealed up all the holes in
their application.
In Java memory is managed for you
when you create instances of classes or objects the Java virtual machine
automatically (35)___ the memory and when you're done with the objects the
JVM sweeps up the memory by destroying (36)___ objects. This is called the
garbage collector. This means that in Java applications you don't have to
know specifically how much memory is being used at any given time you still
have to pay attention to making sure that you only create the object you
need. And in C++ you can use multiple (37)____.
This means that when you define an object you can inherit functionality for
multiple super classes. The Java (38)___
model is single inheritance so you can only inherit directly from a single
super class. This makes it easier to
figure out where there are problems when your application has (39)___.
|
|
memory leaks
|
|
calls
|
|
pointers
|
|
recompile
|
|
environment
|
|
dereferenced
|
|
allocates
|
|
inheritance
|
|
bugs
|
|
inheritance
|
|
Let's also compare Java to JavaScript.
Even though the names of these languages share the term Java they're really
not closely related. Java again was not (40)___ with previous languages even
though it (41)____syntax from C. Java has morphed into a standard known as ECMAScript
or ECMA script. Other languages that are based on the ECMA (42)__ standard
include Adobe ActionScript 3.0 and JScript for Microsoft and a number of
others. Java is compiled to (43)___ and interpreted at runtime time, JavaScript
is interpreted directly from source code. Java can make native function calls
through the JNI (44)____, while in JavaScript at least as it’s implemented in
a browser is restricted to something called a browser (45)____, it can only
play in the sandbox and it can't make native function calls. Java is write
once, run anywhere. JavaScript is even more portable in the sense that it has
broad compatibility in many browsers and many (46)____ systems. Java runs in
a protected virtual machine but you have to explicitly have that virtual
machine installed and in a similar fashion JavaScript is executed by the
browser and restricted to that browser sandbox for security. Both languages
manage the memory for you, neither requires that you specifically allocate or
(47)____ memory. And in terms of inheritance Java uses a traditional class
based inheritance where you define classes and then inherit their
functionality. JavaScript uses something called prototype based inheritance.
This model allows you to add functions, properties and other functionality to
a predefined class at runtime, something Java doesn’t allow you to do.
So that’s a look at the
principles of Java and how you might compare this language to C ++ and JavaScript.
In the continuum of languages you might place C++ at the strictest level, Java
somewhere in the middle, and JavaScript at the most dynamic. And you
typically is Java when you want to build applications that rely on that
language.
|
|
borrowed
|
|
bytecode
|
|
sandbox
|
|
compatible
|
|
operating
|
|
script
|
|
deallocate
|
|
interface
|
|
1 Vocabulary focus. Sudy the words and word combinations, practise their translation, spelling. Check your knowledge in the test. Play vocabulary game and set your own vocabulary game record.
2. Which operating system you
can run Java-based applications?
3. What is interpretation?
4. What was Java designed for?
5. What is called the garbage
collector?
1. Java
is compiled to bytecode.
2. If
you’re a C developer all of your code can be run in Java.
3. Java
was created to be a low performance language.
4. C
++ is an object oriented language.
5. C
was designed to be portable, so that you’d be able to compile it once and then
run your application on multiple operating systems and processors.
6. Java
runs in a protected virtual machine.
7. C
++ lets to write once and then as long as you follow standard C ++ syntax you
can not recompile for each operating
system.
8. Java is an interpreted language.
9. Java
is based on two principles.
10. C++ requires explicit memory management and
uses pointers; C++ applications as a result can have memory leaks.
Hi! how are you? I was wondering if you could send me the Keys/answers to these exercises please.
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