Academic writing. Reporting verbs

I Reporting verbs. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the verbs from the list. Use all the verbs.

 

summarise; show; consider; analyse; examines; investigate; emphasize; collected; aims; has been developed

Supply chain coordination/collaboration is a crucial topic in supply chain management and 1) _______ for decades. It is especially critical when considering the SSCM with organizations that the supply chain structure is more complex. Using the qualitative research method proposed by Eisenhardt (1989), two streams of studies are developed. The first stream mainly works on coordination/collaboration among different organizations. Following Van Wassenhove (2006), Day et al. (2009) 2) _______ data of Gulf Coast in the United States in late 2005 from government agencies, profit and non-profit organizations (NPOs), trying to overcome the barrier of slow information flow in organizations and coordinate the resources allocation by proposing designed principles. The authors 3) _______ the importance of implementing a system to support the flow of information among organizations. Al Adem et al. (2018) 4) _______ the supply chain collaboration between international and local NGOs during disaster relief. Their findings 5) ____ that the collaboration between NGOs in a humanitarian context is primarily influenced by contextual factors (e.g., governmental policies, social-economic setting). Similar to Al Adem et al. (2018), Oloruntoba and Banomyong (2018) 6) _______ the collaboration between NGOs as a special issue on humanitarian logistics; additionally, the authors also mention the essential role of humanitarian organizations for donations and local procurement.

The second stream 7) _______ coordination/collaboration between supply chain members and organizations. Rodríguez et al. (2016) conduct a case study and establish a theoretical framework that provides guidance for both NGOs and companies on choosing collaborative partners. Their study 8) _____ at alleviating poverty and enhancing sustainability in the supply chain. Quarshie and Leuschner (2020) 9) ______ the collaborations between the government and NPOs in humanitarian operations and logistics, and 10)____ the key roles of the government as “organizer”, “facilitator”, and “supply network member”.

From: Xu, X., Chung, S.-H., Lo, C. K.Y., & Yeung A.C.L. (2022). Sustainable supply chain management with NGOs, NPOs, and charity organizations: A systematic review and research agenda. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 164, 102822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102822

 II Citation and tense. Study the rules and complete them with the examples in the gaps (a- e) using sentences with verbs 1-6 in italics from Task I.

1.    To write about what specific researchers did (e.g. the outcome of a study/an event) use the Simple Past tense.

Darley and  Smith ( 1995) evaluated gender differences in information processing strategies, supporting greater selective processing for males.

a)_________

2.    To focus on the opinions that researchers hold, rather than the activities they undertook to reach them, use the Simple Present (or the Present Perfect) tense.

Andrews (2010) regards argumentation as an essential competency in tertiary education.

b)______

c)_____

d)_______

3.    To write about research activity that spanned a period of time, e.g. because different authors worked on the same area, use the Present Perfect tense.

 Numerous investigations have posited that the increase in the prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases, asthma, and allergic diseases in developed nations primarily results from inadequately developed immune systems, imbalances in the intestinal microbial ecosystem, and hereditary disorders (Penters et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2002).

 

e)______________

III Citation and tense. Use the words in brackets in the correct tense to complete the passages below.

 1. In the current special issue, Tur et al. (2021) _____ (explore) these outcomes in the context of TED talks and Twitter posts. They _____ (examine) the effectiveness of charismatic signaling, through the use of charismatic leadership tactics (CLTs), when formally defined leadership roles did not exist.

 2. In the special issue, work by Ernst et al. (2022) _____(conduct) a prospective metaanalytic review. This study _____ (involve) completing a successful replication of past work on the effectiveness of CLTs in‐person and via video messages (e.g., Antonakis et al., 2021; Meslec et al., 2020). The authors then _____ (conduct) replication studies in virtual contexts in Austria, France, India, Mexico and the United States. In addition to task performance, the authors  _____(examine) extra role behavior defined as working beyond a contracted amount of time.

In a second article, Doornenbal et al.  (2022) _____ (highlight) the value of machine learning for examining the complexity of leader traits in a large sample (n = 3,385). The authors _____ (show) how machine learning, similar to computational modeling, can advance our knowledge of leadership when the phenomenon under observation is complex.

 3. Researchers _____ (investigate) how CBEs aim to address a myriad of social and ecological problems faced by communities across the globe (Hertel, 2018), including recovery and economic development after exogenous shocks or natural disasters (Gray et al., 2014). For instance, Dentoni et al. _____(find) evidence of CBE initiatives launching in response to shocks depriving the community of essential services (e.g., local public school) or endangering their use of resources (e.g., declining fishing yields). Other impact areas _____ (include) health and well-being (Gordon et al., 2018), culture preservation (Dana & Light, 2011; Murphy et al., 2020), environmental protection (Marconatto et al., 2019), and the harmonization of economic development with traditions and culture (Giovannini, 2015; Murphy et al., 2020).

 4. Over the last decade, an increasing number of literature reviews ___(publish) with the aim to better understand sustainable entrepreneurship as well as the evolution of the field and providing directions for future research (Bischoff & Volkmann, 2018; Dean & McMullen, 2007; Gast et al., 2017; Muñoz & Cohen, 2018b; Sarango-Lalangui et al., 2018; Schaefer et al., 2015; Shepherd & Patzelt, 2011; Thompson et al., 2011). Early literature reviews largely _____ (focus) on defining SE, for example, by differentiating the field from other types of responsible entrepreneurship (i.e. social entrepreneurship and environmental entrepreneurship) (e.g., Thompson et al., 2011); and by better understanding its ‘components’ (i.e. triple-bottom-line) and the relationship between them (e.g., Pacheco et al., 2010).

As the field of sustainable entrepreneurship _____ (develop), authors _____ (start) focusing on its evolution, disentangling main research themes and directions for future research (Terán-Yépez et al., 2020; Ramírez et al., 2019; Sarango-Lalangui et al., 2018) as well as investigating different types of factors and mechanisms characterizing SE (Johnson a&nd Schaltegger, 2019; Konys, 2019).

 5. Other researchers _____ (highlight) the need for an increased holistic view on innovations and sustainability by incorporating a triple bottom line approach (e.g., Hall, 2002; Wüstenhagen, 2008).

For example, research _____ (show) that group members tend to prefer leaders who are sensitive, dedicated, intelligent, attractive, masculine, and strong (Offermann et al., 1994).

Zaccaro et al. (2004) _____ (suggest) that effective leadership requires the integration of relatively stable and coherent personal characteristics (such as motivations, temperament, cognitive abilities, and skills) able to promote a consistent model of leadership performance in a variety of organizational and group situations.

 

IV OVER TO YOU. Choose a (business-related) topic that you are interested in (e.g., social media marketing, sustainable tourism – be specific enough) and use your library online search (or Google Scholar) to look for academic articles on the topic. Find 5 academic sources that could be interesting to look at in relation to this topic. Write the beginnings of a sentence, introducing the source – e.g., According to AUTHOR’S LAST NAME (YEAR), … Do this for each source so that you have 5 sentence beginnings.