1 Watch the video and put the words into the gaps
in the text
If you took each one of the (1)___ and you separated that into smaller
pieces, you’d have these tiny little pieces called (2)___. Each sector on a
drive is five hundred and twelve (3)___, not a lot of information is stored
on a sector, and you could see it’s also a geometric type of problem because
if you’re on the (4)___ ring, you’ll be able to have more sectors on the
outside ring than you have on the inside.
So it’s not like cutting a pie, you really have a different number
depending on the where you are, on which track on the drive.
Also keep in mind that you could fit on these larger hard drives, you
can have a lot of sectors, you could have millions of sectors on a drive, and
you get into a (5)___ problem of how is the operating system going to keep
track of all those tiny little pieces on the drive. And the way we’ve address
that is we have the operating system put many of the sectors together into
what we call a ‘(6)___’. We cluster
the sectors together and your operating system depending on the type of (7)___
that it uses, the type of file system on there, may have different sizes of
clusters. That might be a 1(8)___ cluster, it might be a 64K cluster. In TFS
depending on the size of the drive might be a 4K cluster. You’d have to look
at the ‘Check Disk’ command on your computer to tell you what is the (9)___
of space on a cluster on this particular drive that I have. Each drive in
your system may have a different cluster setting depending on how big the
drive is and the type of formatting done on the file system. But it’s just a
way that I can now group together the different sectors and now it’s easier
to (10)___ of them because there are fewer number of clusters ’cause
I’ve taken all those millions of
sectors and now got them into something that’s a little more (11)____ for my
operating system.
When you’re working with a hard drive it has to know where to start
the system, it does something, uses something called a ‘(12)___’ to do that,
an MBR. This is usually the first sector of the hard drive; it is 512 bytes
just like we’ve mentioned those sectors are usually that size. And inside
that tiny little sector has a table of primary (13)___, there’s a disk (14)___
that’s used so that your operating system knows which disk that is, and
there’re (15)___ on where you should
go to start the operating system on this hard drive. And so there’s a lot of
great information but obviously that’s a pretty important (16)___ record.
That one sector on your hard drive contains a lot of important information,
without the MBR you wouldn’t know how to start operating systems on this
drive and whenever you have a problem with your master boot record your
system doesn’t do it, that’s why. You usually have to rewrite your master
boot record so that it now knows where to go on the drive to get the
information it needs to then start the operating system. When working with
hard drives and storage interfaces you’ll see different kinds of interfaces
that devices will (17)___ into. This one at the top SATA, the Serial Advanced
Technology attachment, one of the most common these days, it’s very high-speed interface, it’s become
one the most popular interfaces to use to plug in hard drives and other
components as well. In older machines you may see something called PATA,
Parallel AT Attachment, we used to call it ATA, before there was a Serial ATA
there was a Parallel ATA and since that was the only one ATA that was we just
call it ATA.
There was also an adjunct to that called AT Attachment with Packet
Interface. We did that so we could plug in other devices that weren’t
necessarily hard drives. Those SATA and PATA interfaces were really designed
for hard drives but we also had things like CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs and we are able
to take advantage of that by using a (18)___ interface but a different type
of protocol in use called AT Attachment with Packet Interface and we were
able to plug in our CD-ROM drives using really the same drive controllers as
a PATA. But we are now able plug it right in and use it as if it was sort of
like accessing a hard drive except it was a completely different type of
piece of (19)____. There is also something called Integrated Drive
Electronics. This is what we originally called that PATA format, it was the
original standard created by Western Digital and when we updated that
original standard to something newer it was more of the (20)____ parallel AT
Attachment is what we call that. See me here, IDE and ATA used in similar
forms in fact on order drives that actually may be marked IDE or ATA it’s
really (21)____ to exactly the same thing. And although it's not mentioned
specifically in the new A+ certification requirements I put on here because
you might see it something called SCSI which is the Small Computer Systems
Interface. The use of SCSI is (22)____ away now that SATA has really become
one of the primary methods of connecting drives in our computers, our
laptops, our home computers, and even our enterprise file systems and file
servers. But SCSI is still around, you’ll see older computers and even some
of the existing computers today with SCSI drives and SCSI interfaces there.
So if you see that SCSI, we call it ‘scuzzy’, it is just another format of
plugging in different kinds of drives so that we can access those drives
through different controllers on our systems. It has a different type of
formatting, uses different interfaces just like all of these do, but there’s
something else that you’re going to see when you start plugging in different
hard drives.
Of course there are not just hard drives to think
about these days. There’re other types of media that use light, they use
lasers, and these optical formats are important as well. One that has been
around for a long time is something called compact disc, CD format. Generally
you fit about 700 MB of data on a single compact disc and it’s a format that
we still used today for lots of types but 700 meg these days isn’t a lot,
it’s good for taking data and sending it to other people, maybe having programs
that we would buy to get into our computer but there’s not a lot of space
relatively speaking to other formats we have these days. (23)___ a DVD, which
stands for Digital Versatile Disk, I can fit for a single layer DVD 4.7 gigs,
that really extends my (24)___. If it’s a (25)____ DVD - 8.5 GB of data that I can store on a single
piece of media. And that is really a lot more than the CD. In fact what we
see in the latest machines generally is this DVD format, but there is a new
format on the block and that is a Blu-ray disc. And you can see it’s
obviously much bigger than the CD or the DVD on a single layer Blu-ray 25gig,
on the dual layer Blu-ray 50 gig of space available on that single
media. Now they all look very similar,
this is a Blu- ray disc, they all look about the same size but obviously are
very different in the way the data is stored, very different formats and how
we are able to take that data. So going from 700 megabytes now all the way up
to 50 gig, Blu-ray these days is still relatively expensive on the media and
the drives themselves but those numbers are dropping quite rapidly and pretty
soon it probably will be very common that everybody’s just going to have a
Blu-ray disc inside of their computer. And that’s what we’ll use to read and
write these different formats.
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outside
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tracks
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bytes
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sectors
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K
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logistical
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formatting
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amount
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cluster
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manageable
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keep track
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signature
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partitions
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plug
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directions
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boot
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master boot record
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generic
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equipment
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referring
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dwindling
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similar
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capabilities
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dual layer
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For instance
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2 Vocabulary focus. Sudy the words and word combinations, practise
their translation, spelling. Check your knowledge
in the test. Play vocabulary game and set your own vocabulary game record.
3 Mark the following statements as True or False
1. Tracks are the small pieces the sectors
are subdivided into.
2. The number of sectors on every ring of the disc is the same.
3. Sectors are put together in clusters that may be from 1 K to 64K.
4. “Check disc” command shows how many tracks you have on your disk.
5. MBR is the first sector on the hard drive.
6. Whenever you have a problem with your master boot record your system
doesn’t start.
7. SATA stands for Parallel AT Attachment.
8. SATA and PATA interfaces were designed for CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs.
9. You fit about 700 GB of data on a single compact disc.
10. On a single layer Blu-ray you can fit 25GB.
11. Blu-ray is still relatively expensive.
4 Answer the Questions
1. What are tracks and
sectors like? How can we manage a large number of sectors?
2. What is ‘cluster’?
3. What is master boot
record? What is its function in the system? How can we fix problems with MBR?
4. What types of
interfaces do you know? Which is the most common and which is the least common?
5. What kind of devices
can work with those interfaces?
6. What types of
optical storage devices do you know? What is their capacity?
7. What advantages and disadvantages do CDs, DVDs and
Blu-ray discs have?
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