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Friday, 10 April 2020

Operating Systems. Part 1 and 2


Operating Systems 

Part 1 - Introduction

1 Watch the video   and put the words into the gaps in the text



Let’s start with an (1)___ of operating systems. We take operating systems almost (2)____. Why do we really even need an operating system on our computer? We spend all this money on (3)___; shouldn’t hardware just do what we want it to do?  Well, the problem is there’s nothing that really can control what happens between all of these different hardware components. The memory has to talk to the (4)___ which has to talk to the hard drives. You have to be able to type things into your keyboard and use your mouse, and unless you have something that ties all of those things together, you’re not really going to get very far with just a bunch of pieces of hardware that you’ve (5)____ together into a single set of system here.
You also need a very common platform for applications, you’ve got all this hardware, you’re going to do something on it, right. You’re going to do (6)___, you’re going to do (7)___, you’re going to (8)___ the Web, you’re going to watch movies. There needs to be a common platform so that application developers can use this hardware. Eventually you are going to want to use that hardware for something, aren’t you?  And us, humans, us human beings, we can’t speak machine language; we know nothing of these computers. We need to have some way to get our human information into these machines and to get information out of these machines in a way that humans can understand them; we can’t expect hardware to do everything for us. In cases where you don’t have a human (9)___ you just have a black box. We often refer to those kinds of  computers as ‘black boxes’  ‘cause we don’t put anything in them and they don’t put anything out that we need to see. So for operating systems and using operating systems we need all of the operating system software to tie all of these pieces together for us.
When we start looking at operating systems, there are some very standard (10)___ that you’ll see when you start working with them. One is you have to have some way to (11)____ files on a hard drive, on some type of media, and you need to be able to manage those files: you need to be able to add files and delete files, and rename files. Some of the files on our computers are programs and applications that run things that we can then use or some of the programs are documents that we create: our own (12)____, our own spreadsheets, our own word processing programs. We also need to be sure that the operating systems, one of their major features is to be able to support the applications that we put on it. Operating systems manage the memory inside of our system, so that there’s plenty available for these applications to use, they handle taking information out of memory and (13)___ it down to the hard drive. There are a lot of (14)____ processes with operating systems that we just never see because all behind the scenes the operating system is making sure that everything runs (15)____ for you.
You also need a way to get information in an out that (15)___ and (16)___ resource. And it can be done in so many different ways: you have printers for output, you have keyboards for input, you have mice, you have USB drives, you have hard drives, you have SSD drives. There are so many ways to get information in and out of computer, and we rely on our operating systems to make sure it’s going to do that for us. And the operating system, of course, itself has to be able to be (17)___ properly, so any operating system that you’re going to find has its own methods inside itself to allow you to access the operating system (18)____, allow you to manage different aspects of the operating system: how it operates, how it looks on the screen, - all of those things regardless of what operating system you’re going to use. Every single one of the bullets you see here is in every single operating system you run into whether it’s an operating system that’s on a (19)____ computer or an operating system on our personal computers, you are going to find each one of these particular kinds of aspects in any of those OSs.
Let’s step through a few of those, let me give you a feel for those different components of the things we were looking at. Operating systems, when you start putting them side by side, these days they start to look very similar to each other. For those of you that are familiar with Apple Macintosh this is MAC OS X and you can see that it has some of those things we were talking about. It has a desktop, it has a (20)___ at the bottom we can use to (21)___ programs, it has a little icon of a hard drive so we know where we can go to open up the hard drive, to look at the files that are on our computer, there are (22)____ menus up here. So many aspects of the MAC OS X operating system are very similar to the things you may have used in Windows; it’s just a different operating system from a different organization that uses different hardware. But ultimately it’s us getting information into the computer and getting information out of the computer, just a different OS to deal with. This particular MAC OS that we’re looking at is MAC OS X, which stands … X is for 10, that’s the Roman numeral for ten, previous versions were MAC OS  8 MAC OS  9, you get the idea. I wonder what the next version will be, probably 11. So that’s what you can look at when we’re trying to (23)____: “What version of operating system am I running?” Every (24)____ has an operating system version and will make it available to you. You also hear, especially with Apple Macintosh, it’s being referred to as the name of big cats. So the latest version of OS X is version 10.6, it was called ‘(25)___’. So if somebody says: “Well, to run the application you need to be running snow leopard”, what they’re really saying is: “You need to be at version 10.6.”  And you’ll hear the words ‘leopard’, and ‘tiger’ and ‘panther’, - they all mean different versions of the Appe OS X operating system.
Another operating system extremely popular is Linux. We see Linux a lot on the Internet, on the back-end processing many of the websites that you can act to that are running the Linux (26)____ but it’s a really nice (27)____ operating system as well. So this is a (28)____ of Linux and you can see many of the pieces that are on the screen or very similar to the components we were looking at in OS X. You  can see there’re pull-down menus across the top, you can see there are icons on the screen that stand for different things, the programs that we’re running are down here at the bottom of the screen. Linux is a really nice operating system, it’s quite remarkable in fact that it’s absolutely free, it’s very similar to UNIX and the cost of it, you really can’t beat, it being a free operating system.  It’s (29)____, it’s powerful and absolutely free. And when people start to use it they find that there are many different kinds of distributions for Linux. You can get one that’s specifically designed for the way that you work. A very common desktop (30)____ is Ubuntu, there is Debian and there is Red Hat, also Fedora is a free version of the Red Hat Enterprise software. This UNIX operating system has all of those things we talked about before, it has the applications that run and Linux is extremely powerful.  So it’s just another way to take advantage of the hardware you use by adding this particular Linux operating system to the top of it.
Now when we start getting into Windows, again it’s a very similar environment. This is just a screenshot of my Windows 7 desktop and you can see we’ve got different aspects to Windows.  Notice that some of the things on the screen, the things like this toolbar at the bottom, the programs bar at the bottom, are almost (31)___. We can even have (32)____ to it, that’s at the technology, a (33)___, within Windows Vista and Windows 7 called Aero. And so when you start using applications you’ll notice that it’s using the front end, this (34)____ in ways that we've never done before. There’s also this really great (35)___ with (36)____ on it that attaches to your Windows desktop now and you can add and remove different gadgets to it. If you don't like the clock, you can (37)____ it, you can change the way it looks. There’s a (38)___. You can put all kinds of different things into your side-bar here so that you can really (39)____ and personalize the operating system specifically for what you might want to do.

hardware
overview
lumped
CPU
for granted









interaction
surf
spreadsheets

word processing









databases


features
swapping
backend
store
smoothly








input
mainframe
managed
configuration
output








figure out

toolbar

snow leopard

launch

pull-down

manufacturer








portable

desktop

operating system

screenshot

distribution



graphical interface
slideshow
transparency

sidebar
customize
glassy
get rid of
visual mode

2 Vocabulary focus. Sudy the words and  word combinations, practise their translationspelling. Check your knowledge in the test. Play vocabulary game and set your own vocabulary game record.

3 Mark the following statements as True or False

1.    Operating systems translate human commands into machine language.
2.    Hardware cannot perform all the tasks for the user.
3.    OS look very different: icons, menus, gadgets do not look similar.
4.    Windows versions are referred to by the names of big cats.
5.    Linux is widely used in backend processing by the websites.
6.    Linux is the same as UNIX.
7.    Debian is a version of Windows.
8.    Fedora is a Linux distribution.
9.    Linux is portable and free.
10.Users can customize Windows 7 toolbar and personalize its program bar.


4 Answer the Questions
 What are the functions of operating systems?
1.    What main components /elements do operating systems have?
2.    What does MAC OS X desktop look like?
3.    What MAC OSs do you know? What are they often called?
4.    What new features can be found in Windows 7 desktop? What gadgets and new technology does Windows 7 use?


Part 2 - Operating Systems


 1 Watch the video  and put the words into the gaps in the text



There’ve been many different versions of Windows but we’re going to focus our (1)____ today on the ones that are on the CompTIA A+ certification. Windows 2000 is certainly one of those. There are a few different flavors of Windows 2000 and Windows 2000 Professional, that’s the one you most often see on people’s (2)____. Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter Server were versions of Windows 2000 that were specifically built for use in large (3)____ environments, data centers, putting on a web server, being able to run a (4)____ server from it. 
These days very a common operating system on desktops and in (5)____ environments is Windows XP. XP Professional, XP Home, XP Media Center and XP 64 - bit are four kinds that we’re going to address in our training today. We’ll talk more about what those different (6)____ are and the differences between them. And something that’s new in the CompTIA A+ certification is an understanding of Windows Vista. The different flavors of Vista we’re going to be interested in is Vista Home Basic, Vista Home Premium, Vista Business and Vista Ultimate. Even though there’s one operating system Windows XP and Vista and 2000, notice that there are different flavors of that (7)____ depending on what you’d like to do. There are other Windows (8)____ that we would not be talking about in this part of the certification: Windows 7 for instance is a relatively new operating system on the market and it is not part of the CompTIA A+ requirements, at least not yet.
Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 are a little bit outside the (9)____ for the CompTIA A+ certification which really focuses more on desktops and managing those desktops. Windows Server 2003 and 2008, like the name (10)____, were built just for server environments. And lastly there many other Windows versions: Windows Mobile, Tablet PCs, they’re really different flavors of XP and Vista Windows 7. We will not be talking about any of those in our CompTIA A+ certification training videos and they are not part of the A+ requirements but they’re still out there. You’ll (11)____ run into those operating systems, don’t be surprised if you see Windows in some very unusual places or places you weren’t expecting to see it because Windows really as an operating system that is very pervasive, you’ll see it everywhere. It’s just that we’re going to focus our efforts on Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Vista.
I mentioned earlier about these different flavors of operating systems, we saw there’s Windows XP64-bit, there are 64-bit versions of Vista, there are 64-bit versions of the Windows Server (12)____ and you’re going to find that occasionally when you’re buying a new computer you may get a choice: “Do you want the 32-bit version of the operating system or the 64-bit version of the operating system?” Well there are a couple of (13)____ differences between those two. First, you need to keep in mind that a 32-bit version of the operating system will run on a 32-bit processor; a 64-bit version of an operating system will run on a 64-bit (14)____. You can also run a 32-bit version of the operating system on a 64-bit processor and not vice versa. Generally you don’t really run a 32-bit operating system on a 64-bit processor because that means you’re not really taking advantage of that very fast and much more (15)___ piece of (16)____. Why would you buy a 64-bit processor in your machine and not run a 64-bit operating system? Although there are times when that might make sense. 
Whenever you start installing these things you’ll notice that the hardware driver is really your (17)____. In a 64-bit operating system you must have drivers to the hardware that are 64-bit drivers. If you’re running a 32-bit operating system, you must have (18)____ drivers that are 32-bit versions. That is very specific, that’s a very, very important piece to think about if you’re going to buy a piece of hardware. If you are going to buy a laptop, if you’re going to buy a computer and you’re going to buy a 64-bit operating system to go on it make sure that every single piece of hardware you have has a 64-bit device driver available for it, not all hardware has that, it is pretty  important. You’ll also see abbreviations for this, a 32-bit operating system might be abbreviated as x86 which goes back to some of the older (19)____ names that Intel used very early on for their 32-bit processors: a 286 and 386 for instance. And 64-bit processors are (20)___ with x64, you’ll see that very often. And it’s kind of unusual, why isn’t the 32-bit x32? Well, because we don’t make anything easy in technology, do we? It’s just the way we’ve kind of used to terms throughout the years now they’ve really (21)____ together, no rhyme or reason there, sometimes it is just the way it is. 
There’s also something with in Windows called Windows compatibility mode.  So if you’re running either a 32- or a 64- bit version of the operating system but you may be running Windows Vista and you’re trying to run a program that was made and (22)____ to run in Windows XP or Windows 2000 and your operating system isn’t running it quite right, you can tell Windows to run this program in a (23)____ that makes the Windows (24)___ think that it’s running in Windows 2000 and makes it think that it’s running in Windows 98 or Windows 95. That is not something you always have to do, it’s very rare that you would have an operating system change or compatibility mode change the operating system. Usually its older programs, they were specifically written, and there is something very unique to those programs that only makes it run in those older operating systems and that’s the case you may be able to run it in a new operating system just by fooling it with that Windows compatibility mode.
Windows Vista, as I’ve mentioned, is something new in this latest version of CompTIA A+ requirements. Let’s look at the different flavors: there’s a Windows Vista Home Basic. If you’re going to get the most (25)____ version of Windows Vista, this is the version that you would get.  There’s no fancy graphics in it, no Windows Aero desktop that is just not (26)____ in that version. There’s also no way to (27)____ in Home Basic. It’s really designed just for an extremely basic use of the operating system. 
When people buy a computer most often they’re getting something like Windows Vista Home Premium if it’s a computer for the home, because it gives you the ability to have that Aero (28)___, there is a scheduled backup functions, you can store data files on there, but it doesn’t have some of the things that you very often see in enterprise environment. There’s no remote desktop built in, there’s no encrypting file system, there’s no way to get on a Windows domain and have group policies assigned to the machine. And why should it?  It’s is at home, it’s a machine that’s not in the enterprise,  so some of those enterprise (29)___ and capabilities just simply aren’t available in Vista Home Premium. And that means that Microsoft can charge you a little bit less because you will never call Microsoft for support with group (30)____, you will never call Microsoft support with a problem with your encrypting file system. So that’s the (31)____ they make when they are putting together these operating systems what makes sense for how you’re going to use that OS.
If you’re in business you do need the (32)___ and you do need a way to be in a Windows domain and Windows Vista Business does that for you. You can have a very complete and comprehensive PC (33)____ and restore program, there’s a Windows fax and (34)___ capability that’s built into this, there’s the ability to do remote desktop, there is a full-blown Windows Business Vista operating system and so you can do a lot with that.  There’s a lot more business type functions there. There’s an ultimate version of Windows Vista that is called Windows Vista Ultimate, it has all of those things in there but it also includes an (35)___ capability called BitLocker which allows you to do a full disk encryption. This is very often used for USB keys because those are so portable, you could lose the USB drive and then whoever found that USB drive would have access to everything on there unless you were using BitLocker. You can plug in your USB drive and tell Windows Vista Ultimate to always encrypt this entire drive. And if anybody was to plug it in, they may be able to erase everything on it and use it as if it was (36)___, but they would not have access now to any of your encrypted private data that’s on that (37)____ drive.

desktops
efforts
database
computing






enterprise
versions
operating system
flavors









occasionally
implies
scope











significant
advanced
products
hardware
processor








chip
determining factor
blended
device
abbreviated









compatibility mode
designed
applications








available
scheduled backups
fundamental



balance
features
policies
desktop




backup

extra
encryption

scan
portable
brand-new



2 Vocabulary focus. Sudy the words and  word combinations, practise their translationspelling. Check your knowledge in the test. Play vocabulary game and set your own vocabulary game record.

3 Mark the following statements as True or False

1.    Windows is a common operating system in enterprise environment and on desktop computers.
2.    Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 were designed for desktop PCs and basic home use.
3.    Windows is a pervasive operating system.
4.    32-bit version of the operating system cannot run on a 64-bit processor.
5.    64-bit device drivers are available for all hardware.
6.    X86 stands for Windows XP 64-bit version.
7.    Windows Vista Home Premium has remote desktop built in and encrypting file system.
8.    BitLocker is useful for enterprises because it allows you to do a full disk encryption.


 4 Answer the Questions
1.    What versions of Windows do you know? What are the differences between them?
2.    Which version is often found on desktops and which versions were created for enterprise use?
3.    Why are the differences between Windows 32-bit and 64-bit versions important?
4.    What does Windows compatibility mode allow users to do?
5.    What is BitLocker? How can it be used in enterprise environment? Can it be found in all versions of Windows?


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