Operating Systems
Part 1 -
Introduction
1 Watch the video and put the words into the gaps
in the text
Let’s start with an (1)___ of operating systems. We take operating
systems almost (2)____. Why do we really even need an operating system on our
computer? We spend all this money on (3)___; shouldn’t hardware just do what
we want it to do? Well, the problem is
there’s nothing that really can control what happens between all of these
different hardware components. The memory has to talk to the (4)___ which has
to talk to the hard drives. You have to be able to type things into your
keyboard and use your mouse, and unless you have something that ties all of
those things together, you’re not really going to get very far with just a
bunch of pieces of hardware that you’ve (5)____ together into a single set of
system here.
You also need a very common platform for applications, you’ve got all
this hardware, you’re going to do something on it, right. You’re going to do
(6)___, you’re going to do (7)___, you’re going to (8)___ the Web, you’re
going to watch movies. There needs to be a common platform so that
application developers can use this hardware. Eventually you are going to
want to use that hardware for something, aren’t you? And us, humans, us human beings, we can’t
speak machine language; we know nothing of these computers. We need to have
some way to get our human information into these machines and to get
information out of these machines in a way that humans can understand them;
we can’t expect hardware to do everything for us. In cases where you don’t
have a human (9)___ you just have a black box. We often refer to those kinds
of computers as ‘black boxes’ ‘cause we don’t put anything in them and
they don’t put anything out that we need to see. So for operating systems and
using operating systems we need all of the operating system software to tie
all of these pieces together for us.
When we start looking at operating systems, there are some very
standard (10)___ that you’ll see when you start working with them. One is you
have to have some way to (11)____ files on a hard drive, on some type of
media, and you need to be able to manage those files: you need to be able to
add files and delete files, and rename files. Some of the files on our
computers are programs and applications that run things that we can then use
or some of the programs are documents that we create: our own (12)____, our
own spreadsheets, our own word processing programs. We also need to be sure
that the operating systems, one of their major features is to be able to
support the applications that we put on it. Operating systems manage the
memory inside of our system, so that there’s plenty available for these
applications to use, they handle taking information out of memory and (13)___
it down to the hard drive. There are a lot of (14)____ processes with
operating systems that we just never see because all behind the scenes the
operating system is making sure that everything runs (15)____ for you.
You also need a way to get information in an out that (15)___ and
(16)___ resource. And it can be done in so many different ways: you have
printers for output, you have keyboards for input, you have mice, you have
USB drives, you have hard drives, you have SSD drives. There are so many ways
to get information in and out of computer, and we rely on our operating
systems to make sure it’s going to do that for us. And the operating system,
of course, itself has to be able to be (17)___ properly, so any operating
system that you’re going to find has its own methods inside itself to allow
you to access the operating system (18)____, allow you to manage different aspects
of the operating system: how it operates, how it looks on the screen, - all
of those things regardless of what operating system you’re going to use.
Every single one of the bullets you see here is in every single operating
system you run into whether it’s an operating system that’s on a (19)____
computer or an operating system on our personal computers, you are going to
find each one of these particular kinds of aspects in any of those OSs.
Let’s step through a few of those, let me give you a feel for those
different components of the things we were looking at. Operating systems,
when you start putting them side by side, these days they start to look very
similar to each other. For those of you that are familiar with Apple
Macintosh this is MAC OS X and you can see that it has some of those things
we were talking about. It has a desktop, it has a (20)___ at the bottom we
can use to (21)___ programs, it has a little icon of a hard drive so we know
where we can go to open up the hard drive, to look at the files that are on
our computer, there are (22)____ menus up here. So many aspects of the MAC OS
X operating system are very similar to the things you may have used in
Windows; it’s just a different operating system from a different organization
that uses different hardware. But ultimately it’s us getting information into
the computer and getting information out of the computer, just a different OS
to deal with. This particular MAC OS that we’re looking at is MAC OS X, which
stands … X is for 10, that’s the Roman numeral for ten, previous versions
were MAC OS 8 MAC OS 9, you get the idea. I wonder what the next
version will be, probably 11. So that’s what you can look at when we’re
trying to (23)____: “What version of operating system am I running?” Every (24)____
has an operating system version and will make it available to you. You also
hear, especially with Apple Macintosh, it’s being referred to as the name of
big cats. So the latest version of OS X is version 10.6, it was called
‘(25)___’. So if somebody says: “Well, to run the application you need to be
running snow leopard”, what they’re really saying is: “You need to be at
version 10.6.” And you’ll hear the
words ‘leopard’, and ‘tiger’ and ‘panther’, - they all mean different
versions of the Appe OS X operating system.
Another operating system extremely popular is Linux. We see Linux a
lot on the Internet, on the back-end processing many of the websites that you
can act to that are running the Linux (26)____ but it’s a really nice
(27)____ operating system as well. So this is a (28)____ of Linux and you can
see many of the pieces that are on the screen or very similar to the
components we were looking at in OS X. You
can see there’re pull-down menus across the top, you can see there are
icons on the screen that stand for different things, the programs that we’re
running are down here at the bottom of the screen. Linux is a really nice
operating system, it’s quite remarkable in fact that it’s absolutely free,
it’s very similar to UNIX and the cost of it, you really can’t beat, it being
a free operating system. It’s
(29)____, it’s powerful and absolutely free. And when people start to use it
they find that there are many different kinds of distributions for Linux. You
can get one that’s specifically designed for the way that you work. A very
common desktop (30)____ is Ubuntu, there is Debian and there is Red Hat, also
Fedora is a free version of the Red Hat Enterprise software. This UNIX
operating system has all of those things we talked about before, it has the
applications that run and Linux is extremely powerful. So it’s just another way to take advantage
of the hardware you use by adding this particular Linux operating system to
the top of it.
Now when we start getting into Windows, again it’s a
very similar environment. This is just a screenshot of my Windows 7 desktop
and you can see we’ve got different aspects to Windows. Notice that some of the things on the
screen, the things like this toolbar at the bottom, the programs bar at the
bottom, are almost (31)___. We can even have (32)____ to it, that’s at the
technology, a (33)___, within Windows Vista and Windows 7 called Aero. And so
when you start using applications you’ll notice that it’s using the front
end, this (34)____ in ways that we've never done before. There’s also this
really great (35)___ with (36)____ on it that attaches to your Windows
desktop now and you can add and remove different gadgets to it. If you don't
like the clock, you can (37)____ it, you can change the way it looks. There’s
a (38)___. You can put all kinds of different things into your side-bar here
so that you can really (39)____ and personalize the operating system
specifically for what you might want to do.
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hardware
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overview
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lumped
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CPU
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for granted
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interaction
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surf
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spreadsheets
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word processing
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databases
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features
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swapping
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backend
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store
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smoothly
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input
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mainframe
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managed
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configuration
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output
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figure out
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toolbar
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snow leopard
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launch
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pull-down
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manufacturer
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portable
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desktop
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operating system
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screenshot
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distribution
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graphical interface
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slideshow
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transparency
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sidebar
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customize
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glassy
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get rid of
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visual mode
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2 Vocabulary focus. Sudy the words and word combinations,
practise their translation, spelling. Check your knowledge in the test. Play vocabulary game and set your own vocabulary game record.
3 Mark the
following statements as True or False
1.
Operating systems translate human commands into
machine language.
2.
Hardware cannot perform all the tasks for the user.
3.
OS look very different: icons, menus, gadgets do not
look similar.
4.
Windows versions are referred to by the names of big
cats.
5.
Linux is widely used in backend processing by the
websites.
6.
Linux is the same as UNIX.
7.
Debian is a version of Windows.
8.
Fedora is a Linux distribution.
9.
Linux is portable and free.
10.Users can customize Windows 7 toolbar
and personalize its program bar.
4 Answer the Questions
What are the functions of operating systems?
1. What main
components /elements do operating systems have?
2. What does MAC OS X
desktop look like?
3. What MAC OSs do you
know? What are they often called?
4. What new features
can be found in Windows 7 desktop? What gadgets and new technology does Windows
7 use?
Part 2 - Operating Systems
There’ve been many different versions of Windows but we’re going to
focus our (1)____ today on the ones that are on the CompTIA A+ certification.
Windows 2000 is certainly one of those. There are a few different flavors of
Windows 2000 and Windows 2000 Professional, that’s the one you most often see
on people’s (2)____. Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter
Server were versions of Windows 2000 that were specifically built for use in
large (3)____ environments, data centers, putting on a web server, being able
to run a (4)____ server from it.
These days very a common operating system on desktops and in (5)____
environments is Windows XP. XP Professional, XP Home, XP Media Center and XP
64 - bit are four kinds that we’re going to address in our training today.
We’ll talk more about what those different (6)____ are and the differences
between them. And something that’s new in the CompTIA A+ certification is an
understanding of Windows Vista. The different flavors of Vista we’re going to
be interested in is Vista Home Basic, Vista Home Premium, Vista Business and
Vista Ultimate. Even though there’s one operating system Windows XP and Vista
and 2000, notice that there are different flavors of that (7)____ depending
on what you’d like to do. There are other Windows (8)____ that we would not
be talking about in this part of the certification: Windows 7 for instance is
a relatively new operating system on the market and it is not part of the CompTIA
A+ requirements, at least not yet.
Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 are a little bit outside
the (9)____ for the CompTIA A+ certification which really focuses more on
desktops and managing those desktops. Windows Server 2003 and 2008, like the
name (10)____, were built just for server environments. And lastly there many
other Windows versions: Windows Mobile, Tablet PCs, they’re really different
flavors of XP and Vista Windows 7. We will not be talking about any of those
in our CompTIA A+ certification training videos and they are not part of the
A+ requirements but they’re still out there. You’ll (11)____ run into those
operating systems, don’t be surprised if you see Windows in some very unusual
places or places you weren’t expecting to see it because Windows really as an
operating system that is very pervasive, you’ll see it everywhere. It’s just
that we’re going to focus our efforts on Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows
Vista.
I mentioned earlier about these different flavors of operating
systems, we saw there’s Windows XP64-bit, there are 64-bit versions of Vista,
there are 64-bit versions of the Windows Server (12)____ and you’re going to
find that occasionally when you’re buying a new computer you may get a
choice: “Do you want the 32-bit version of the operating system or the 64-bit
version of the operating system?” Well there are a couple of (13)____
differences between those two. First, you need to keep in mind that a 32-bit
version of the operating system will run on a 32-bit processor; a 64-bit
version of an operating system will run on a 64-bit (14)____. You can also
run a 32-bit version of the operating system on a 64-bit processor and not
vice versa. Generally you don’t really run a 32-bit operating system on a
64-bit processor because that means you’re not really taking advantage of
that very fast and much more (15)___ piece of (16)____. Why would you buy a
64-bit processor in your machine and not run a 64-bit operating system?
Although there are times when that might make sense.
Whenever you start installing these things you’ll notice that the
hardware driver is really your (17)____. In a 64-bit operating system you
must have drivers to the hardware that are 64-bit drivers. If you’re running
a 32-bit operating system, you must have (18)____ drivers that are 32-bit
versions. That is very specific, that’s a very, very important piece to think
about if you’re going to buy a piece of hardware. If you are going to buy a
laptop, if you’re going to buy a computer and you’re going to buy a 64-bit
operating system to go on it make sure that every single piece of hardware
you have has a 64-bit device driver available for it, not all hardware has
that, it is pretty important. You’ll
also see abbreviations for this, a 32-bit operating system might be
abbreviated as x86 which goes back to some of the older (19)____ names that
Intel used very early on for their 32-bit processors: a 286 and 386 for
instance. And 64-bit processors are (20)___ with x64, you’ll see that very
often. And it’s kind of unusual, why isn’t the 32-bit x32? Well, because we
don’t make anything easy in technology, do we? It’s just the way we’ve kind
of used to terms throughout the years now they’ve really (21)____ together,
no rhyme or reason there, sometimes it is just the way it is.
There’s also something with in Windows called Windows compatibility
mode. So if you’re running either a
32- or a 64- bit version of the operating system but you may be running
Windows Vista and you’re trying to run a program that was made and (22)____
to run in Windows XP or Windows 2000 and your operating system isn’t running
it quite right, you can tell Windows to run this program in a (23)____ that
makes the Windows (24)___ think that it’s running in Windows 2000 and makes
it think that it’s running in Windows 98 or Windows 95. That is not something
you always have to do, it’s very rare that you would have an operating system
change or compatibility mode change the operating system. Usually its older
programs, they were specifically written, and there is something very unique
to those programs that only makes it run in those older operating systems and
that’s the case you may be able to run it in a new operating system just by
fooling it with that Windows compatibility mode.
Windows Vista, as I’ve mentioned, is something new in this latest
version of CompTIA A+ requirements. Let’s look at the different flavors:
there’s a Windows Vista Home Basic. If you’re going to get the most (25)____
version of Windows Vista, this is the version that you would get. There’s no fancy graphics in it, no Windows
Aero desktop that is just not (26)____ in that version. There’s also no way
to (27)____ in Home Basic. It’s really designed just for an extremely basic
use of the operating system.
When people buy a computer most often they’re getting something like
Windows Vista Home Premium if it’s a computer for the home, because it gives
you the ability to have that Aero (28)___, there is a scheduled backup
functions, you can store data files on there, but it doesn’t have some of the
things that you very often see in enterprise environment. There’s no remote
desktop built in, there’s no encrypting file system, there’s no way to get on
a Windows domain and have group policies assigned to the machine. And why should
it? It’s is at home, it’s a machine
that’s not in the enterprise, so some
of those enterprise (29)___ and capabilities just simply aren’t available in
Vista Home Premium. And that means that Microsoft can charge you a little bit
less because you will never call Microsoft for support with group (30)____,
you will never call Microsoft support with a problem with your encrypting
file system. So that’s the (31)____ they make when they are putting together
these operating systems what makes sense for how you’re going to use that OS.
If you’re in business you do need the (32)___ and
you do need a way to be in a Windows domain and Windows Vista Business does
that for you. You can have a very complete and comprehensive PC (33)____ and
restore program, there’s a Windows fax and (34)___ capability that’s built
into this, there’s the ability to do remote desktop, there is a full-blown
Windows Business Vista operating system and so you can do a lot with
that. There’s a lot more business type
functions there. There’s an ultimate version of Windows Vista that is called
Windows Vista Ultimate, it has all of those things in there but it also
includes an (35)___ capability called BitLocker which allows you to do a full
disk encryption. This is very often used for USB keys because those are so
portable, you could lose the USB drive and then whoever found that USB drive
would have access to everything on there unless you were using BitLocker. You
can plug in your USB drive and tell Windows Vista Ultimate to always encrypt
this entire drive. And if anybody was to plug it in, they may be able to
erase everything on it and use it as if it was (36)___, but they would not
have access now to any of your encrypted private data that’s on that (37)____
drive.
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desktops
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efforts
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database
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computing
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enterprise
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versions
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operating system
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flavors
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occasionally
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implies
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scope
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significant
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advanced
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products
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hardware
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processor
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chip
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determining factor
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blended
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device
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abbreviated
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compatibility mode
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designed
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applications
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available
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scheduled backups
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fundamental
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balance
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features
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policies
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desktop
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backup
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extra
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encryption
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scan
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portable
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brand-new
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2 Vocabulary focus. Sudy the words and word
combinations, practise their translation, spelling. Check your knowledge in the test. Play vocabulary game and set your own vocabulary game record.
3 Mark the
following statements as True or False
1.
Windows is a common operating system in enterprise
environment and on desktop computers.
2.
Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 were
designed for desktop PCs and basic home use.
3.
Windows is a pervasive operating system.
4.
32-bit version of the operating system cannot run on a
64-bit processor.
5.
64-bit device drivers are available for all hardware.
6.
X86 stands for Windows XP 64-bit version.
7.
Windows Vista Home Premium has remote desktop built in
and encrypting file system.
8.
BitLocker is useful for enterprises because it allows
you to do a full disk encryption.
4 Answer the Questions
1. What versions of
Windows do you know? What are the differences between them?
2. Which version is
often found on desktops and which versions were created for enterprise use?
3. Why are the
differences between Windows 32-bit and 64-bit versions important?
4. What does Windows compatibility
mode allow users to do?
5. What is BitLocker?
How can it be used in enterprise environment? Can it be found in all versions
of Windows?
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